Hiroshima and Nagasaki - Free Essay Example

After Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, one of the most devastating bombings in its time, America declared war on Japan and therefore entering into War World II. On August 6 1945, the U.S dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, three days later they dropped a bomb on Nagasaki. Over 100,000 people were immediately killed in both bombings, and thousands more died of injuries and the effects of the radiation (Matsukawa 56). The American Government was justified to bomb Hiroshima, but they could have approached Nagasaki with less catastrophic measures. The U.S aimed to remain neutral as possible during World War II. They started helping Britain, who was in the war, by sending war supplies but on a cash and carry basis. They blockaded trade with Japan and the countries apart of the Axis, Italy and Germany. The Japanese were furious with the stopping of shipment of airplane fuel and scrap iron that they needed for war. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese army bombed Pearl Harbor, and then the next day Japan invaded an American army base in the Philippines. After these two events the U.S declared war on Japan. The Japanese wanted to improve their economy but instead of choosing to conduct trade negotiations with foreign governments, the Japanese government turned sharply away. Japan went once again into isolation (Bjorklund 10-11). Japan wanted to prove to the other countries that they were just as powerful as them. They joined the war for two reasons. One, to show that they can go to war and their economy can withstand a war, and secondly they were still upset with the Allies during the First World War, when the Allies met at the Treaty of Versailles, Japan did not have a voice in the discussion. All that tension built up and they did not hesitate to go to war. During the war the U.S was planning on invading Japan. War experts estimated 1 million American lives lost and millions of Japanese lives. On April 1945 Harry S. Truman was sworn in as President. He hoped to make the invasion of Japan unnecessary. He decided to use the atomic bomb instead of invading Japan. On July 26th the U.S, Britain and China issues a statement threatening to destroy Japan unless it surrendered, Japan refused (Matsukawa 56). Truman was doing the country right by looking for a different approach, although his approach was a steady, the approach it did not do its job. In the spring of 1945, the military instituted a target committee. This committee consisted of officers and scientists. The purpose for this committee was to decide where the bomb should fall. The committee decided that the atomic bomb would not just kill; it could wipe out an entire city off the map. They agreed that it would be horrible, but they wanted it to be so it would try to end the war and try to stop future use of nuclear bombs (Brumfiel). They chose Hiroshima. Hiroshima is compact, if you put a bomb like this in the middle of it, you end up destroying almost the entirety of the city said Alex Wellerstein, a historian at the Stevens Institute of Technology (Brumfiel). Hiroshima was also a military target. There were factories and other facilities there. The American army took their time and was strategic when deciding where and when to bomb so they could make a point without killing an overabundance of people. Antony Beevor said Truman had little choice. All commanders or political leaders can hope to asses is whether a particular course of action is likely to reduce the loss of life. Faced with the Japanese refusal to surrender, President Truman had little choice. The dropping of the atomic bomb was justified at the time as being moral in order to bring about a more rapid victory, prevent the deaths of more people, and the use of nuclear weapons. Of course it is easy to say that if I had been in Trumans shoes, I would not have ordered the two bombings. says Richard Overy, a professor of history at the University of Exeter (History Extra). Apart of Richard Overy`s statement is correct, Truman should not have ordered two bombings. In his defense Truman was out of options. It was either invade Japan, risking millions of American and Japanese soldiers lives or use the atomic bomb to wipe out a city and saving millions of lives. Hiroshimas population at the time of the bombing was 350,000 people. Richard Overy also said that It was immoral and unnecessary. When referring to bombing Nagasaki, it was unnecessary. Truman should have waited to see what Japan would do after the U.S bombed Hiroshima. Chances are they would have surrendered and/or negotiated peacefully. The first bombing was a necessary evil so to speak, but bombing Nagasaki was unnecessary and took many more Japanese lives. On August 15th during a radio address in World War II, Japans Emperor, Hirohito, announced that Japan would surrender after the devastating power of a new and most cruel bomb( History.com). One thing that everyone can agree on is that World War II was devastating. The Bombing of Pearl Harbor the Bombing of London, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the many German, American, British, Japanese lives lost. The American Government was justified to bomb Hiroshima, but not justified to bomb Nagasaki.

Reasons High Attrition Rates Among Newly Qualified Nurses - 1375 Words

Reasons For The High Attrition Rates Among Newly Qualified Nurses (Research Paper Sample) Content: Reasons for the High Attrition Rates among Newly Qualified NursesBy (Students Name)CourseProfessors NameUniversityLocationDateDiscussion of FindingsNurses play a critical role in any hospital to ensure that patients are satisfied. Indeed, hospitals have the responsibility of ensuring patient satisfaction and nurses provide the most interaction with those seeking treatment while they are in the hospital. Moreover, nurses help hospitals to provide high-quality care. Despite the nurses playing a critical role in ensuring patient satisfaction, recruiting and retaining them is time-consuming and hectic. Thus, retaining the nurses, particularly the newly qualified ones, is a critical task for hospitals. The reasons for the high attrition rates among newly qualified nurses are dependent on some factors related to work and personal needs. A study conducted by Hayajneh et al. (2009) in the UK found that around 10% of nurses leave the profession due to retirement while 24% tran sfer to another organization (p. 456). Moreover, 5% of the nurses go to the non-national health sector employment and 24% leave because of redundant factors such as personal reasons and career break (Hayajneh et al. 2009, p. 456). Therefore, the following is a discussion of our findings relating to the high attrition rates among newly qualified nurses within the first one to two years in the UK.Reasons for the High Attrition Rates among NQN in the UKThe work environment plays a significant role for a person to consider not leaving the job for another one. Our research determined that a friendly work environment reduces the rate of employee turnover or attrition. This finding was found to be consistent with a similar research conducted by Crow, Smith, and Hartman (2005), which established that a friendly work environment reduces the rates of attrition by 30% (p. 340). The research involved a qualitative survey of the newly qualified nurses who provided their views on what contributed to turnover. Therefore, a newly qualified nurse will not consider leaving the profession when he or she first joins a healthy work environment. The workload was also found to contribute to job dissatisfaction among the newly qualified nurses. More specifically, a heavy workload affected the motivation of freshly qualified nurse employees and triggered their minds to consider quitting the job. This position also corresponds with the findings of a research conducted by Whitehead et al. (2013). The study determined that attrition rates could be predicted through long shifts, holidays, weekends, and weekend overtime. Similarly, according to Stickney (2008, p. 423), extended shifts and overtime put the newly qualified nurses into a state of high physical anxieties, leaving them fatigued with less drive to cope with the job pressure efficiently. Another study by O'Donnell (2009) concluded that the nursing profession becomes more intense with higher workloads resulting in the discourageme nt of the nurses from performing their work, and, thus, they seek to leave the job (p. 38). That scenario is more common in mental health facilities where stress levels are high.Lack of control was another factor found to be associated with high attrition rates among the newly qualified nurses. In a research done by Baernholdt Mark (2009), non-involvement of the nurses in the process of making decisions was found to be a critical factor for job dissatisfaction among them, especially the newly qualified nurses who are often left out of key decisions. Moreover, the inability to dispense ones duties in a manner that one understands best can be a significant source of stress and burnout (Urwin et al., 2010, p. 205). In this context, strict administrative policies that minimize autonomy stand a higher chance of increasing turnover. According to Hayajneh et al. (2009), inadequate reward and unfairness can lead to high rates of attrition. In particular, the lack of acknowledgment of the c ontribution of other nurses can result in the work environment lacking opportunities to advance, leading to stress, which motivates the newly qualified nurses to leave the job (Carter Tourangeau 2012, p. 1589).The unavailability of senior charge nurses to offer support was found to be a demographic variable that contributes to newly qualified nurse attrition. Research by Williams (2010) also determined that turnover and attrition rates tend to be higher among the newly qualified nurses during the first year and remain higher during the second year. In line with the finding, another study in the UK established that 34% of the newly qualified nurses did not register to practice (Holtom Inderrieden 2006, p. 30). When the newly qualified nurses enter the job for the first time, anticipation of what to expect in the new job gets them motivated. However, when they realize that the work environment is not supportive, the job reality and personal expectations begin to change, and frustrat ion becomes the order of the day. Th result is the commonly studied transition shock. If the situations are not addressed adequately, stress accumulates, leading to the stages of burnout. Noteworthy, newly qualified nurses are not sufficiently empowered to cope with high work-related stress (Hayes et al. 2006, p. 241). The problem is compounded by the absence of mentorship and smooth orientation schedules, which are essential until they receive a full understanding of how they should work in an environment of high stress. Chenoweth et al. (2010) also determined that high rates of exhaustion lead to attrition of newly qualified nurses during their first and second years of their employment.Staffing also played a significant role in promoting higher attrition levels among the newly qualified nurses. Several factors related to staffing including low staffing, the resultant relentless pressure, and uncooperative colleagues can lead to increased attrition levels for NQNs. This finding is consistent with a study conducted by Arrowsmith and Miller (2013) that discovered that the majority of NQNs are likely to leave the hospital if they feel the institution does not have proper staffing levels. Moreover, a hospital may have enough staff, but unorganized units may influence the nurses' turnover. Some nurses may also find the job quite stressful and consider quitting if they feel they are taking care of more difficult patients than their colleagues (Arrowsmith Miller 2013, p. 569). Therefore, staff shortages and relentless pressure compounded by a lower pay play a critical role in increasing the rates of NQNs turnover.In addition to the above study findings, our research also determined that lack of social support within the hospital environment plays a role in influencing newly qualified nurses to quit the job. In a study to determine the effect of social support for newly qualified nurses, Horsburgh and Ross (2013) discovered that social support provides greater copi ng strategies that can help the newly qualified nurses deal with the stress of transition such as getting used to a new job, understanding clinical skills, and becoming a member of the healthcare team. Interaction and effective working relationships are vital for job satisfaction, and lack of these factors in the workplace can lead to employee turnover during their first or second years of employment (Peterson-Graziose, Bryer Nikolaidou 2013, p. 351).Our study also found that lack of secure time for preceptor and preceptee increases the rates of attrition among NQNs. According to a research study conducted in the UK by Peterson-Graziose, Bryer, and Nikolaidou (2013), newly qualified nurses were found to leave the job within their first or second years of employment due to a poor score on self-confidence skills and nursing competency perceptions (p. 352). Therefore, building self-confidence is critical to the success of a hospital in giving quality healthcare, which implies that he lping new graduates to develop confidence is significant in the first few days of their work. Thus, preceptor support, appropriate employee expectations, and chances for collaboration play a critical role in building new nurse confidence. Work environments that do not promote the task of building nurse confidence increase the chances of the workers quitting the job within the first and second years of employment.Lower score for the enjoyment of one's job contributes to higher rates of attrition for the newly qualified nurses. Our research determined that nurses have different opinions concerning what they call a good day, and the most critical matter in this respect is that for newly qualified nurses, positive experiences and support systems are vital for low role ambiguity and conflict (Rhaume, Clment LeBel 2011, p. 496). Another factor that is associated with an increased rate of attrition for newly qualified nurses is lower levels of organizational commitment. Engagement is posi tively associated with job involvement and the years an employee can work in an organization, and negatively related to workload and turnover. This finding corresponds to the study by Tourangeat Cranley (2006) who found that emotional exhaustion relates negatively to job satisfaction and organizational commitment (p. 501). Therefore, empowerment plays a critical role in creating a positive work-life that discourages high rates of attrition among the newly qualified nurses.Evidently, there exists numerous reasons for increased rates of attrition among the newly qualified nurses during their first and second years of employment in the UK. The findings are supported by existing literature as discussed above. It was found that newly qualified nurses are motivated to leave their job because of various reasons ranging from the poor work environment, lack of commitment, poor orientation leve...

The Depiction of Women in Literary Texts - 1346 Words

The Depiction of women in literary texts differed throughout history and varied in different regions of the world. In numerous cases, women are portrayed as submissive, obedient, totally devoted to their family and inferior to men, which most often is the definition of femininity. However, in the text She written by H. Rider Haggard and well-known The Arabian Nights oral folk tales translated by Husain Haddawy, women are portrayed in a different fashion. The text She by H. Haggard portrays a woman who has lived for millennia and rules a tribe deep in Africa with terror brought by the power she acquired from the â€Å"Spirit of the Globe† (Haggard 257). The Arabian Nights features a woman that uses her intelligence to keep herself alive. The portrayal of women in these texts differ from traditional submissive traits, in contrast, they are portrayed as intelligent and knowledgeable. I will explore the similarities between these two women in terms of modern femininity and differ ences in terms of additional masculine traits of Ayesha that are absent in Shahrazad. Ayesha from She displays certain traits that resemble some of the traditional definition of masculinity, including power and aggressiveness. Ayesha defies the traditional women’s role of staying home and devoting all their time and energy to their children and husband; instead, she is the ruler of an African tribe. Ayesha is a relentless leader who â€Å"blast[s] them [Amahaggers] for very sport† (Haggard 146). This appallingShow MoreRelatedThe Portrayal of Women in the American Literary Canon1512 Words   |  6 Pagesrelations in society are reinforced by literary depictions of men and women. The American literary canon is a collection of books that are widely accepted as influential in shaping Western culture. 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But multicultural literature is dismal, in regards to works about other places and experiences byRead MoreAmerican Literature in the Period between 1914-1945887 Words   |  4 PagesMany writers of the period 1914-1945, changed and shaped the American literary landscape by the country’s changing of the manufacturing industries, advancement in techn ologies and the uprooting of many citizens. This era became committed to steering America back to a prewar way of life. Writers were associated with high modernism, objectivist and confessional movement that emerged post World War II. There was a major change socially, politically and culturally emerging multicultural perspectivesRead MoreGender Inequalities in Victorian England: Robert Browning’s Porphyria’s Lover984 Words   |  4 PagesMaxwell, 1993, p.27), this esteemed text follows the murder of beloved Porphyria, the lover of the enigmatic speaker who, after inviting her to his cottage for a romantic rendezvous, strangles her. 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This is relevant to Margaret Atwood’s speech in 1994, Spotty Handed Villainesses (hereafter referred to as Villainesses), and Aung San Suu Kyi’s speech in 1995, Keynote Address at the Beijing World Conference on

The Berlin Conference to Divide Africa

The Berlin Conference was described by Harm J. de Bli in Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts: The Berlin Conference was Africas undoing in more ways than one. The colonial powers superimposed their domains on the African continent. By the time independence returned to Africa in 1950, the realm had acquired a legacy of political fragmentation that could neither be eliminated nor made to operate satisfactorily. Purpose of the Berlin Conference In 1884, at the request of Portugal, German chancellor Otto von Bismark called together the major western powers of the world to negotiate questions and end confusion over the control of Africa. Bismark appreciated the opportunity to expand Germanys sphere of influence over Africa and hoped to force Germanys rivals to struggle with one another for territory. At the time of the conference, 80 percent of Africa remained under traditional and local control. What ultimately resulted was a hodgepodge of geometric boundaries that divided Africa into 50 irregular countries. This new map of the continent was superimposed over 1,000 indigenous cultures and regions of Africa. The new countries lacked rhyme or reason and divided coherent groups of people and merged together disparate groups who really did not get along. ThoughtCo / Adrian Mangel Countries Represented at the Berlin Conference Fourteen countries were represented by a plethora of ambassadors when the conference opened in Berlin on November 15, 1884. The countries represented at the time included Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden-Norway (unified from 1814 to 1905), Turkey, and the United States of America. Of these 14 nations, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were the major players in the conference, controlling most of colonial Africa at the time. Berlin Conference Tasks The initial task of the conference was to agree that the Congo River and Niger River mouths and basins would be considered neutral and open to trade. Despite its neutrality, part of the Congo Basin became a personal kingdom for Belgiums King Leopold II. Under his rule, over half of the regions population died. At the time of the conference, only the coastal areas of Africa were colonized by the European powers. At the Berlin Conference, the European colonial powers scrambled to gain control over the interior of the continent. The conference lasted until February 26, 1885 — a three-month period where colonial powers haggled over geometric boundaries in the interior of the continent, disregarding the cultural and linguistic boundaries already established by the indigenous African population. Following the conference, the give and take continued. By 1914, the conference participants had fully divided Africa among themselves into 50 countries. Major colonial holdings included: Great Britain desired a Cape-to-Cairo collection of colonies and almost succeeded through their control of Egypt, Sudan (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan), Uganda, Kenya (British East Africa), South Africa, and Zambia, Zimbabwe (Rhodesia), and Botswana. The British also controlled Nigeria and Ghana (Gold Coast).France took much of western Africa, from Mauritania to Chad (French West Africa), as well as Gabon and the Republic of Congo (French Equatorial Africa).Belgium and King Leopold II controlled the Democratic Republic of Congo (Belgian Congo).Portugal took Mozambique in the east and Angola in the west.Italys holdings were Somalia (Italian Somaliland) and a portion of Ethiopia.Germany took Namibia (German Southwest Africa) and Tanzania (German East Africa).Spain claimed the smallest territory, which was Equatorial Guinea (Rio Muni). Source De Bli, Harm J. Geography: Realms, Regions, and Concepts. Peter O. Muller, Jan Nijman, 16th Edition, Wiley, November 25, 2013.

Capital Punishment - A Complex Social Issue Essay

Should the government abolish capital punishment? This is a question that has plagued the United States since its birth, as it is a complex social issue not easily resolved. The law, society, and many religious institutions consider life to be precious. Also, because capital punishment is irreversible, an innocent life could potentially be at stake in the pursuit of justice. Groups that are opposed to the death penalty – such as Amnesty International, the American Civil Liberties Union, and the majority of Christian religious institutions (Baptists, Catholics, Episcopalians, Lutherans, Methodist, Presbyterians, and the United Church of Christ)– feel that it is an unnecessary violation of human rights. (â€Å"History of the Death†¦show more content†¦While the history of the issue is important, there are many underlying factors that increase its complexity. THE DEATH PENALTY AS A DETERRENT Do harsh legal penalties such as death really work in deterring crime? Most studies show no conclusive evidence that capital punishment does (or does not) have this effect. (â€Å"Facts and Figures†). In fact, over 80% of criminologists agree that capital punishment is not a proven deterrent. (Radelet) The â€Å"deterrent hypothesis† is that murder rates would be higher in states without the death penalty than in states that use the death penalty. However, when murder rates were compared both before and after abolition of the death penalty in states, no substantial increase in homicides occurred. (Peterson) According to Amnesty International, â€Å"A New York Times survey, released in September 2000, found that during the last 20 years, the homicide rate in states with the death penalty has been 48% to 101% higher than in states without the death penalty.† (â€Å"Death Penalty Facts†) Surprisingly, there is one study supported by pro-death groups showing that capital punishment can deter crime up to 35.7%, but here is the catch – the death penalty only deters 35.7% crime for a couple of weeks or months, and the execution has to be widely publicized. (Philips) If this is the case, then one solution to the crime problem in the U.S. could be to have at least oneShow MoreRelatedA Liberal Perspective On Capital Punishment1247 Words   |  5 PagesPerspective on Capital Punishment The liberal ideology is based in the values of individualism, in that the individual themselves is important in their pursuit and struggle for freedom. There are some factors that are common in liberalism, some of which include: liberty, formation of equality and dominance of individuals in bearing within their society. This essay will discuss these ideas of liberalism in relation to how they support the controversial issue of capital punishment. Capital punishment is theRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Dead Man Walking 1564 Words   |  7 Pagesserve as a spiritual advisor to Louisiana death row inmate Matthew Poncelet. The film scrutinizes and criticizes the practice of capital punishment in the United States. The narrative is constructed in such a way that the audience is encouraged to draw their own conclusions, moving through an experience exposed and open to all its effects. It is a sensitive and complex look at Christian forgiveness in the context of the criminal justice sys tem. It is the story of how one woman found the humanityRead More Capital Punishment Essay879 Words   |  4 Pages CAPITAL PUNISMENT - IMMORAL OR NOT As a minority of US bishops once said, â€Å"We cannot teach that killing is wrong by killing.† The Catholic Church has spoken out repeatedly and passionately about the need to protect human life of every stage of existence. All issues and matters relating to the dignity and worth of human life fall with the realm of the fifth commandment, â€Å"You shall not kill.† The Catholic Church consistently communicates the importance of human life. As the late pope John PaulRead MoreRelationship Between Law And Religion1268 Words   |  6 Pages There are complex, unsolidified relationship between law and religion. The issues to be examined are conflicts concerning the free exercise of religion in the criminal justice system. Hence, in the case of Pastor Sarah, it has become quickly apparent for her how interconnected the church and legal system intersect. Pastor Sarah once a criminal lawyer is now a pastor, and has come across issues that she thought she would not have to encounter in her profession as minister. She states, â€Å"In the midstRead MoreShould It Be Abolished Or Not?1396 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Furman guilty of all charges and is to be sentenced to capital punishment. However, what is capital punishment? The definition from dictionary.com states: The practice or legal sanction of allowing the imposition of the penalty of death for people convicted of committing certain crimes. There are five lawful means of sentencing which are electrocution, hanging, lethal injection, gas chamber, and firing squad. 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The decision depends on each person’s perspective. Even though there are 32 states that still allow the capital punishment, there is no proof the death penalty deters the crime rate in those states. According to the North Carolina Department of JusticeRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1350 Words   |  6 Pages The death penalty, also known as capital punishment is a legal procedure in which a state executes a person for crimes he/she has committed. This punishment has been used by many states, and is normally used for serious crimes, especially murder. It is also used on crimes against the state such as treason, crimes against humanity, espionage, and violent crimes while other states use it as part of military justice. There are mixed reactions on capital punishment depending on one’s faith, and theRead MoreMass Murderers : A Diverse Group Of People1724 Words   |  7 Pagescontains a specific set of traits. These people are often driven by one of a series of different motives. In order to achieve their goals, mass murderers have plenty of different methods and weapons at their disposal. Inevitably, the discussion of punishment always ensues when the subject of dangerously destructive killers arises. The study of mass murderers is one that requires analyzing and profiling all of t he components that make up a killer, from their motives to their methods. Mass murderersRead MoreEssay about The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1479 Words   |  6 Pagesdeath penalty, also known as capital punishment is a legal procedure in which a state executes a person for crimes he/she has committed. This punishment has been implemented by many states, and is normally used for atrocious crimes, especially murder. It is also used on crimes against the state such as treason, crimes against humanity, espionage, and violent crimes while other states use it as part of military justice. There are mixed reactions on capital punishment depending on one’s faith, and

The Issue Of Gun Control - 1983 Words

The Issue of Gun Control â€Å"We the people in order to form a more perfect union.† This is the beginning of the infamous Preamble of the United States Constitution. The Constitution is the one and only document this great country’s foundation was built upon. The Preamble is one of the few parts of the Constitution that many Americans know, and can even often recite the entire thing, however, the remanding part is often looked over and unknown. One part, a very important one, is the second amendment. This amendment states that â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of the Free State, their right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (The NRA). This one, small part of the Constitution gives Americans the right to keep and bear Arms, and has been under fire in more recent years. Not only are many American citizens demanding to amend this amendment, the Government has stepped over it completely, all in the hopes to a bolish the use of guns among American citizens. The Founding Fathers put each and every part of The Constitution in place for a reason; to protect the American people’s rights. The issue with gun bans is that they prevent the citizens who properly register and use their firearms, from the having the ability to use them for self defense, giving the advantage to the criminals (Strossel). Gun control laws fail to protect not only individuals, but America as a whole, as the laws are ineffective, and inadequately allow selfShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussion s, I would cite the Australian 1996 National Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tr agedies. Other Americans believes it is our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today ’s world, guns are far too accessible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRe ad MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control929 Words   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

A Case Study Analysis on Mexton Machine Company

Question: Apply decision analysis to the decision problem facing Mexton Machines and advise the company on their outcome options. Clearly state any assumptions you have made. Discuss in detail the strengths and limitations of your analysis in the context of the problem faced by Mexton Machines. What other information would you need to improve your analysis? Answer: Decision analysis faced by the Mexton Machines Mexton Machine limited is known as one of the largest industry manufacturing the various ranges of small machines and tools. Company was establish in 1950 and is known for its high brand quality in England. Since 70s company has been growing extensively and company has been diversifying its products range (Goodwin and Wright, 2014). For instance company has established paint business in order to gain the large customer base of England. Company has also extensively opened its business in all over the England places like Bristol, Leicestershire and Yorkshire. In recent times company is very much facing trouble because of recession in 1980. Company has closed down its paint business because of huge loss (Williams, 2002). After 1996 company has been looking open a new form of business in order to attract the customer base. A range of products that has been looking to produce by the Mexton is very much consumer goods such as electric drill and car engine turner in order to increase its sa les which by far not been possible. Since, then Mexton new management is been toying with various ideas like coming up with new gardening instrument which will help the company to standalone in the business and beat the existing competitors (Zeleny, 1982). For which company has to spend more than 16 million in their RD to gain the large customer base. In spite of that, company has also made investment in opening of the new plant at Wiltham site in an old textile mill. The price of the site would be more than 6 million. However, company has another major option to manage and control the business by renovating the Eastoak existing plant for which company has to spend more than 24 million (Patterson et al. 2002). The decision making process comprises of five major process: Figure 1: Decision making process (Source: Courtney et al. 2009, pp-123) Identification of the problem: The decision making for these investments are being one of the major reasons for delaying the project. Besides that, company has already been invested more than millions in inventing the prototype to get in order to build the new machinery for gardening. In order to build the prototype the company is very much facing tough to manage the cost of the RD (Yaniv et al. 2009). In order to build the prototype of lawnmower, company has to spend more than 6.4 million. The decision to continue to build the lawnmower in a new area at Wiltham or to manufacture at Eastoaks is one of the toughest decision making for the Mexton currently (Schlingemann et al. 2009). Information sereach: as per the information given by Mr. castle that, 75% of the chances of the prototype will be completed within the December 2003. In order to understand whether to invest in new plant or to invest within the existing plant, information like initial investment of the two projects, cash flow of the tow project and the cost of the capital of two major project must be identified (Davenport, 2009). The company has already been given the information such as the total initial investment and total outflow and assuming the total cost of capital is 10% for both of the project is been part of the informations (Ang and Geert, 2009). Besides that some of the assumption has been made such as: -No taxation factors will be considered - Depreciation cost is not been considered -Development of grant should be ignored Evaluation of the alternatives: With the help of analysing the two mega project requires the various investment appraisals techniques. In order to calculate the tow project both NPV and payback period is been considered as an alternative techniques. While evaluating the alternative understanding the major strength and weakness of the both of method will help to choose which method to follow (Blenko et al. 2010). With two major methods and two major initial investment against the Wiltham is 24 million and for Eastoaks is 40.9 million. There has been ample evidence which shows that, both of the method. By evaluating the various method that best suitable alternatives will be chosen for the analysing the both of suitable options (Davenport 2013). Another major investment is made in terms of the RD in prototyping are some of the examples for the Mexton business (Schlingemann et al. 2009). Calculation of NPV Production at WIITHAM Year Cash Flow Discounting Factor(10%) Present Value () () 1st year 16 0.909091 14.54545455 2nd year 16 0.826446 13.2231405 3rd year 16 0.751315 12.02103681 4th year 16 0.683013 10.92821529 Total 50.71784714 Less: Outflow 24 NPV 26.71784714 Production within Eastoaks ( million) Year Cash Flow Discounting Factor(10%) Present Value () () 1st year 24 0.909091 21.81818 2nd year 24 0.826446 19.83471 3rdyear 24 0.751315 18.03156 4th year 24 0.683013 16.39232 Total 76.07677 Less: Outflow 40.9 NPV 35.17677 From the above , it has been found that from both of the projects , the chosen would be production in Eastoaks because of the higher NPV. The Higher the NPV the higher would be chances of taking the project (Von Winterfeldt and Fasola, 2009). Company need to focus on to investment would be fruitful for the company because it considers the present value of money. Calculation of Payback period 1.Production at WITHAM Year Cash Flow Cumulative cash flow 0 (24) (24) 1st year 16 (8) 2nd year 16 8 3rd year 16 4th year 16 Payback period =2+ (8 m/16m) =2 + 0.5 =2.5 years Production within Eastoaks Year Cash Flow Cumulative Cash flow 0 (40.9) (40.9) 1st year 24 (16.9) 2nd year 24 7.1 3rdyear 24 4th year 24 Payback period = 2 + (7.1/ 24) =2+ 0.29 =2.29 years From the above payback period, it has been found that , company need to invest in the Wiltham because of the investment is taking less years in compare to the East oaks. Payback period of the project Wiltham project is 2.5 years which is less than the 2.29 years. The payback period will give the Mexton measure the liquidity positions (Valerie et al. 2010). Investment: As per the investment appraisal system, Mexton need to choose the suitable options to get over the decision making right. In order to do so appraisal system is been one of the major part of helping to gain the actual information which will help to manage the right kind of investment areas (Mari et al. 2011). After the choosing the both method NPV and Payback period. It has been found that as per NPV best suitable options for the business would be investing in East oaks is better NPV with return of 35 million in compare to 24 million from the Wiltham (Lee et al. 2011). However, while choosing the payback period , it suggest that Wiltham has better option with the lower payback period with 2.5 years. Finally company will be following the NPV selection because of the NPV consist of the time value of money and is very much useful to analyse the present value of the money (Amihud and Mendelson, 2010). on the other hand , payback period decision making is also one of the most prominent way to appraise the business but the techniques is very fails to carry the time value of money which is one of the major problems in payback period (Faulkender and Petersen, 2009). Post purchase evaluations: After making the decision to invest in EastOaks, Mexton needs to look to understand the decision making made by the company is been right for the company or not. In order to manage the post purchase evaluations, company need to manage the focus on the actual cost and standard cost that has been kept by the company (Easley and OHara, 2009). Pots purchase strategy gives the company enough scope to judge whether the decision making was fruitful enough or not as the company used loss of opportunity cost. Opening of new plant would be least costly but investment existing company give increase the in the production with more than 166,000 lawnmower (La Porta et al. 2009). This is one of the finest achievement made by the company after able to achieve their target. Post purchase decision gives the company to make the future reference for the company expansion plan of the diversifying the projects (Carlson et al. 2008). Mexton need to understand that , company has to spending huge funding, therefore company also need to consider the another major investment appraisal method process which will help in decision making more of suitable like IRR (Internal rate of return) and ARR (Accounting rate of return) (Cooper, 2010). Both of the method will also help the Mexton to make better decision making in term of high investment. It is known that investment decision technique is effective for any business to take identify the project that can ensure high return. Therefore, in order to analyse the decision two capital budgeting techniques has been used that are discounting method which relate with the Net Present Value and the non-discounting method which relate to Pay Back period. Both the methods has provided extreme support base to analyse the problem of Mexton Machines The discounted method is effective in determining the stock value and the also provide details that how much company can accumulate cash after meeting all financial obligations (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). Apart from that, non-discounted method can be too effective in analysing the project decisions and the company can be able to know the expected time period to recover the invested amount. On the other hand, both the capital budgeting methods comprises some strengths and weakness that can be related with the investment decision. Therefore, th e company may need to consider the major weakness before making up any decision so that higher benefit can be received and increasing cost can be controlled (Chiang, Cheng and Lam, 2010). Thus, the strength and limitation of the payback will be discussed along with the strength and restriction of net present value so that extracted analysis can be improved. Net Present Value The variation between the cash inflow and the cash outflow of the present value in the whole life period of a project is known as NPV. NPV is also known as the Net Present Value. The research analyst uses the Net Present Value factor in above part because Net Present Value always focuses on the gain made in the whole period of a project. The total gain in Net Present Value is calculated by the difference between the cash inflow and the cash outflow of the present value in the whole life period of a project (Connor, 2006). The financial analyst uses the NPV (Net Present Value) in the above part to find out the financial profit from the project. The Net Present Value helps the financial analyst to take the decision whether to invest in the new project or not. The Net Present Value helps the financial analyst to find out the whether the cash inflow is greater than the cash outflow in the whole life of the project. If the present value of the total cash inflow is greater than the present value of the total cash outflow of the project, then the financial analyst will invest in that particular project (Djursaa Clausen, 2012). If the present value of the cash outflow is greater than the present value of the cash inflow of the project, then the financial analyst will not allow to invest in that particular project. The main purpose of using the Net Present Value is to find out whether the company will earn profit from the project or not. Strength of Net Present Value: The strength of the Net Present Value is NPV always gives importance to the value of money in respect to time. NPV always calculate the cash inflow of the present value. In Net Present Value, it calculates both the cash flow to find out whether to invest in the project or not. The Net Present Value always gives high priority to the profitability. If the financial analyst calculate and found that the project return is less, the financial analyst will not allow investing in that project (Pfeiffer, n.d.). It also gives high priority to the risk factor of the project. Limitations of Net Present Value: The use of Net Present Value is very difficult. In the Net Present Value, it is very difficult to find the accurate discount rate. The Net Present Value sometimes does not give the correct calculation, when the life of the project is unequal. It can be understood that Net Present Value from the production of Witham is lower than NPV of Eastoaks. On the other hand, from the payback period it can be understood that investment recovering period is almost same but still Witham requires slightly more time. Apart from that, it is seen that there are certain limitation with the decision analysis; therefore, Internal Rate of Return can be effective in offsetting the weakness that has been acknowledged. It is known that IRR make effective use of time value of money and it will help in accounting high interest rate that may have been expected by the company, Mexton Machine. Furthermore, a relation can be created with the various rates and thus the company can be able to account the value, at which the cash inflow present value and cash outflow present value (Schonbohm and Zahn, 2012). Therefore, a uniform ranking can be extracted for the proposed projects. Apart from saying that, IRR can be a useful base in selecting the project th at can ensure higher profitability for the company and their shareholders. The value that may be accumulated from the IRR evaluation, then it can be assumed that if the IRR is more than the cut off rate then the company can be able to gain high profit from the particular project (Shim, Siegel and Shim, 2012). Strengths Weakness of Payback Period Payback period is calculated to find out the length of time required to recover the cost of investment. According to that the decision is taken whether to undertake the project or not. Longer the payback period is not suitable for investment (Baker and English, 2011). When two or more projects are considered in capital budgeting, the project having shortest payback period is accepted because it can recover the initial investment of project quickly Strengths 1. According to Payback period approach, all the cash flows are forecasted from the project which it will earn in future. The period of recovering the cost of project is calculated. This method is usually applied by the business to set a limit of time within which the cost should be recovered. 2. The one of the important advantage of Payback period is that it is simple to calculate. Under this method, it is not required like other methods of capital budgeting to convert all the expected cash flows into present value adjusting the discounting factor. The calculation is straightforward. All the expected cash flows are added and then the initial cost of the project is subtracted from that. 3. The payback period method is associated with the short time prospect. This approach implies that the project will generate cash shortly and the initial cost will recovered within the shortest time. So, the risk is lower. Weaknesses 1. Payback period method does not consider time value of money. The expected cash flows are not adjusted with discounting factor. But, in real economy, the value money is affected by the time. The cash flows are expected to earn but the value is expected for future may be less in present time. Also, the inflation is not adjusted in this approach. But, the inflation has greater impact on economy (Kalyebara and Islam, 2013).The risk of recovering cost is minimized by this method. 2. The risk is less for short-term oriented project. But, the risk is more for long-term oriented project. The organization may earn more return from a high risky project. 3. According to Payback period method, the better investment is that one which has the shorter payback period. But it ignores the any benefits that occur after the payback period (Wyatt, 2012). So, it does not measure profitability. If the organization a short time limit, it may miss the future benefits of the project. On the other hand, it is known that IRR can be employed if the company knows the investment cost and annual cash flows. Therefore, the company can determine the accurate rate of earnings that can deliver the expected return at some point of time that is four years. The company, Mexton Machine by using the internal rate of return can disclose the high rate of return that can be generated from the project. Apart from that, the company need to study the market condition to whether the market feasible for the production of proposed project or not (Talbot, 2012). The market will let know about the cost of raw materials, labour cost, numbers of competitors, etc. Therefore, it will help the company to take effective decision and gain much expected higher benefit from the project. On the other side, in order to improve the analysis, the company may need to acknowledge all the cost related to building cost, installation cost, raw material cost, manufacturing cost, etc so that exact return can be evaluated in order to be sure that production of the machines can ensure expected return (Bierman and Smidt, 2012). Moreover, in accounting IRR methods, the company need to determine the value of cash flow after tax so that exact valuation can be identified and ensuring effective return rate. Apart from that, cash flow analysis can be useful in analysing decision. The company may need to estimate the cash outflow that is expenditure and also the cash inflows that is revenue which will help in analysing the net cash that may be available in the project. Therefore, the company can be able to take decision on accounting cash for the production of machine. Moreover, it will let know the whether the company is financially sound or not and also the position of company in clearing debt (Djursaa Clausen, 2012). On the other hand, determining the expected sales from the production will be valuable for the Mexton Machine to take decision. 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