What factors influence policies and practices of multinational firms Essay

What factors influence policies and practices of multinational firms Discuss - Essay Example To initiate and actualize the entry, MNCs have to set targets and formulate various strategies according to the situation prevailing in those foreign markets. While formulating the strategies, the organizations’ leader and the management team will firstly look at the factors that may aid them to make a successful entry. After analyzing the positive factors, the firms will or should have to analyze the negative factors or challenges that may impede its entry. As every foreign market or country will have different political, social, economic conditions as well as different customers, competitors, prospective employees, etc, etc, there will be many challenges, which will block the firms’ success. Thus, both these factors could influence the practices and policies of MNC’s particularly in its foreign operations. Among the many economic based movements, globalisation is the one which had and is still having major impact on the economic development of many countries and its people worldwide. â€Å"The word globalisation marks a set of transitions in the global political economy since the 1970s, in which multinational forms of capitalist organization began to be replaced by transnational† (Appadurai, cited in Meyer and Geschiere 1999). Economic part of globalisation is the key because with the whole world becoming a kind of global village, barriers between the countries are broken with integration happening mainly in the economic aspects. In this scenario, foreign organizations particularly MNCs, using the globalisation plank, have entered and will also enter various sectors of the businesses leading to the establishment of many industries. With these MNCs providing good employment and the resultant good development, people of those countries have became financially stable and are going in search of material comforts, causing impacts on social change. For a

Importance of Internal Communications Essay Example for Free

Importance of Internal Communications Essay Importance of Internal Communications for a company and two case studies. Internal communications is considered a vital tool for connecting people within the company. It does not refer only to those few â€Å"official† channels of communication in a company, it is also the strategic management of information flows to ensure the optima level of employee engagement. (Civicus, 2001) This business context of communication is a dual listening process. It is a top-down, bottom-up, side-to-side communication harnessed as a means of delivering messages, listening to concerns and motivating staff. Maintaining a good internal communications within a company could reinforce the vision, values and culture among employees, who can then communicate it to internal and external audiences. Internal communications aims to ensure that employees in the company work together towards the same goal, know what they should be doing and by when. Internal communication has evolved various ways of communicating internally. Traditionally, it started off with informal and formal one-to-one and one-to-many meetings where usually the ‘the boss’ would communicate in a highly one-way fashion with employees. Lee, 2006) In this case the message is mostly communicated in one way, it does not include feedback from the message recipients. When print materials were introduced, it was then involved for formal, top-down transmission, for instance, company annual report. Internal communication then evolved to the digital era where Internet was highly used as a communication tool. When email was in troduced into the business settings and with it the nature of communication has radically changed. Lee, 2006) As the digital technology advances, internal communication has evolved to the point where not only can employees and employers freely email each other, forward messages without any editing (showing the whole conversational trail), and forward those messages outside of the corporate walls, but also employees and employers can use these emails to bring about grievance procedures, litigation and dismissal. (Lee, 2006) It is seen that internal communication has undergone deliberately change and will continue growing. Today’s internal communication practitioner is focused on challenging and stimulating employees, managing change and gaining employee engagement and commitment. (Chalmers, 2008) The aim has moved from controlling and directing people, through providing information, making announcements and supporting industrial relations, to supporting the development of a flexible work environment which adapts to change, seeks improvement, shares knowledge and know-how, generates ideas and involves people in achieving strategic goals. Chalmers, 2008) Most of the people understand the significance of internal communication but very few could manage it efficiently. Many people think that internal communication is one of the functions that they think they can do well. In fact, when it comes to real situation on handling employees, certain strategies and techniques are needed to communicate and tackle. In talking to many individuals at very different levels in very disparate sectors, what has come across as crucial is the need for internal communication to be championed at the very top of the organization and also for senior management and the boardroom to respect the expertise of the specialist tasked to deliver, be they internally or externally placed. Smith, 2008) A large number of studies by both professional management groups and professional communications bodies consistently find that ‘communicating with employees’ is a useful and powerful way of engendering greater ‘engagement’ – the propensity of the employee to want to come to work and want to contribute to the success of the company. (Lee, 2006) Gauri Deshmukh, head of HR at SAS India states that internal communication is important for a company as it provides information and encourages sharing by driving and supporting the organisation’s short-term and long-term goals and objectiv es. In addition, Deshmukh also mentions that with effective internal communications, it ensures that knowledge-sharing and communication processes are part of the daily workflow across all functions of the business. By having good internal communication, a company ensures that in between employers and employees they are constantly updated with information. In fact, a good internal communications not only affects organizational and operational success, but it has a considerable impact on external functions such as marketing, community and government relations, nd investor relations. (Brown, 2002) Internal communication is significant in any company because it is the building block of the organisational culture. (Civicus, 2001) Furthermore, internal communication is important so that employees become advocates for company. It is important to create a ‘common purpose’ across the company – creating the sense of a team where everyone feels ownership in their roles and in a chieving the company’s goals. (WK, 2010) In this way employees feel accepted and being part of the company. Likewise, internal communication is one of the key ‘intangible’ factors leading to high performance. (WK, 2010) For instance, if communication in a company is managed well employees are more confident and clear with the company mission and vision thus makes excellent financial as well as business. Not only that, having good internal communication helps build out company’s brand internally as employees are the best ambassadors, and internal perceptions should mirror what the company is telling the world. Trout, 2012) When the company is communicating effectively with its internal stakeholders, be it employees, management or volunteers, programmes and departments share more resources and information resulting in less duplication of work and stronger impact as a whole company. (Civicus, 2001) Without an effective internal communications, a company allows others to determine what information (or disinformation) is communicated to employees about their company. Brown, 2002) Smart employers realize that in environments where employees are able to move from one employer to another with relative ease, it is in the company’s best interests to retain the smarter and more productive employees; doing all they can to communicate with them, inform them, influence them and enter into some sort of psychological contract with them is a wise move. Lee, 2006) Besides, without effective internal communications, the crisis of confidence in businesses and corporate leadership could hurt sincere efforts to build a positive corporate culture and to enhance employee morale and productivity, and devastate the overall image of an organization. (Brown, 2002) Case Study I: Nokia is one of the top mobile phone manufacturer favoured by many people. In order to compete with other mobile phone manufacturer Nokia is constantly improvising and upgrading their gadgets to serve people needs these days. The reason Nokia has been so successful is no doubt its creation on mobile phones, as well as the strong team in the company that has made where it stands today. In a technologically savvy company like Nokia, it’s no surprise that they’ve been successfully implementing social media into their internal communications. (Kass, 2012) Nokia’s motto is connecting people and exploring ways to enhance communication. (Kass, 2012) In order to realize that vision, Nokia uses a number of different vehicles for two-way and push or pull communications; social media plays a big part with fitting into that strategy. Nokia’s Social Media Communications team was established in early 2008, aimed to improve inter-company communications and engaging employees. The objective of the team is to: encourage the use of social media internally to bring out the company’s unique authentic voice and to engage in social media externally on behalf of Nokia, and contributing to product and service announcements by opening up a dialogue and driving online engagement. (Kass, 2012) Nokia has 125,000 employees around the world. It is the company’s utmost important task to engage all employees in order to achieve company business goal. There are a few platforms in Nokia allowing employees from global to connect as if they work in a small company together. According to Molly Schonthal who worked on the companys Social Media team in North America, the BlogHub is Nokia’s most powerful and effective social media tool that is used internally. It has been said that BlogHub lowers the barriers for employees to find conversations relevant to them. In terms of interaction, employees are allowed to communicate freely via BlogHub. They could make comment on posts, share ideas and knowledge on issues that have been mentioned. In addition, BlogHub serves as a useful search engine for employees to seek out information relevant to them. From a management point of view, through BlogHub feedback on various issues are gained quickly and track the conversations that are happening inside the company. Voting and ratings on posts are enabled as well for employees to be part of the decision team. Nokia has also introduced Nokia Conversations blog where latest Nokia product news would be posted. Through this blog employees could find a big overview of all the topics going on in Nokia. Similar to any other company that is engaged on social media, Nokia has its very own YouTube and Twitter account. Other than that, VideoHub has grown increasingly popular with employees allowing for postings to be updated on a daily basis. Besides, Nokia’s Infopedia wiki allows employees to share knowledge inside the company. If someone needs to quickly check a piece of information, Nokia’s effective internal communication channel, Instant Messaging (IM) is available for employees. It claims to remove the barrier of more formalized communication in between employees. For global company like Nokia, in order to save cost and time, Nokia has it’s own video conference channel where annual communication meetings and real time conversations could be held. Considering people do not check their mailboxes as much anymore Nokia has slowly cut down prints publications in an effort to become more environmentally aware. In fact Nokia in North America has completely eliminated print publications. Newsletters are now kept to an electronic HTML format, which is e-mail so it is more easily distributed. Similar to every other company Nokia uses intranet communications as well. It is the center of where people go to get information on benefits or organization charts. Furthermore, to reach more employees, Nokia regularly posts relevant company announcements on plasma screens around regional offices, usually in cafeterias and breakout rooms, with its promise on going environmental friendly. At North America, leadership also encourages employees to speak directly with their line managers to better understand organizational strategy and what role they can play in that strategy. For all of Nokia’s Web 2. 0 tools, Schonthal is quick to point out that â€Å"social media is never a replacement for high touch engagement. † (Kass, 2012) Instead, it can contribute to various company events and other in-person initiatives. â€Å"Social media complements these things but doesn’t take away from the ability to internally engage and share ideas,† she further explains. Nokia provides many platforms for employees to stay engaged, all for one clear identified goal – connect all the people in the company. For such global company I believe Nokia in different countries or branches could decide on which channel they prefer but I believe as a whole, all the employees in Nokia stay connected via BlogHub. After reviewing how Nokia strives to engage the employees I could see that the management team work hard on receiving feedback as well. They listen to their employees. They make changes. All these actions give employees feel accepted and belonged to the company. The end result is the employees are clear with the goals, mission and procedures of the company, which can result increase their work effort and efficiency and boost business. Case Study II: â€Å"We were driven to connect the organization with itself, and realized enterprise social networking was the solution. I can truly say after more than two years that we have achieved an official internal communications channel. Socialcast lifted the boundaries and made our organization transparent. We connect daily with people from India, China, the US, and Brazil. Without Socialcast it would not be possible,† says Dennis Agusi, Global Internal Communications Officer, Royal Philips Electronics. Royal Philips Electronics of the Netherlands is a diversified health and well-being company, focused on improving people’s lives through timely innovations. As a world leader in healthcare, lifestyle and lighting, Philips integrates technologies and design into people-centric solutions, based on fundamental customer insights and the brand promise of â€Å"sense and simplicity†. Philips Case Study 2012) In 2010, Philips began to explore how the company should help its employees spread around the globe to feel engaged, work like a small team driven by shared goals. On the way of researching, the Corporate Communications and IT department discovered that approximately 1,600 employees were actively using a free tool they had found on the Internet to communicate and collab orate. Knowing two platforms for collaboration would not be a great idea so the team took initiative to introduce a new platform to these early users. These early users provided positive and valuable feedback and recommendations on how to improve the enterprise social experience the best it could be. Then it led to a successful launch of an enterprise social network. The company adopted â€Å"Connect Us† and the network was launched with wide support. On launch day, Connect Us had 400 members. Within two months, 7,000 employees had joined the community. Through Connect Us they allow employee-to-employee exchanges as well as management-to-employee communications. Employees are allowed to post freely, share knowledge to make work easier. Connect Us helps to remove barriers between departments as well. Through Socialcast Reach, employees are allowed to share information and data in between departments resulting a more seamless flow of work. In addition, a new idea can be communicated more broadly, increasing sense of connectedness and engagement across the company. From management perspective, through Connect Us, the Communications and IT team could monitor what’s happening in the company, check trending topics or people, at real time. According to report, Connect Us has enabled new and sometimes unexpected forms of employee engagement. All Employee Jam† was a crowdsourcing project designed to bring to life the company’s new, refreshed Mission and Vision statement through dialogue, discussion and debate. This exercise has successfully drawn employees who had not yet joined the social community into Connect Us. According to feedback, employees who participated in this exercise were found to be far m ore aware of and aligned with the Philips Mission and Vision than those employees who did not participate. This resulted Philips truly believes that enterprise social networks help companies increase employee engagement and retention. I liked the idea of how Philips tries to maintain the communication channel as one, which is Connect Us. I believe there are other platforms available for instance intranet but Connect Us is actively used by people in the company. From not knowing employees are using free online tool to communicate to introducing socialcast network, Philips has come a long way into realizing the importance of internal communication. The All Employee Jam has definitely demonstrated the power of enterprised social networking. It encouraged the employees to share knowledge, to stay connected which resulted in a greater identity with the company. In this two case studies, both companies Nokia and Philips selected appropriate channels for communication according to its needs. Nokia has different communication platforms serving different purposes. For instance, BlogHub allows employees to find information they need and Instant Messaging is a tool for quick and easy communication. On the other hand, Philips focus mainly on Connect Us, from searching information to accelerating ideas to sharing data it is all done on Connect Us. However, on my opinion, Nokia has too many platforms it might be tough to engage all the employees in one platform, as the users are free to choose which platforms they get information from. Whereas Philips uses Connect Us, most of the employees are part of the community and anything they need require can be found on Connect Us. I think this is one of the advantages of having a focused channel. Likewise, the tools and tactics, both companies chose to be focus more on information technology. In terms of interactivity, both companies engage their employees as well as welcoming their feedbacks. The employees are encouraged to utilise these channels to feel more accepted and being part of the company. For instance, Philips Connect Us not only allows employees-to-employees exchange, as well as management-to-employees communication. In this case it removes barriers between management and employees so work can be done easier. As for Nokia, feedbacks are valued through voting and ratings on posts and comments, allowing management to understand the employees better. Besides, both case studies reviewed the importance of evaluation on internal communication. In order to improve, the management team has to constantly measure the effectiveness of the communication tools and find ways to improve. Nokia and Philips monitor their employees through these platforms to find out what is really happening in the company. This way they could make sure the employees are on par with company’s goals. In conclusion, internal communication has never been so important. Many people know what internal communication is and they think they know how to function this but they might not know the true meaning behind it. Effective internal communication does not mean to have a lot of communication platforms, spending big budget on this function but utilizing the appropriate communication tool for employees get involved. If you want to build brand for your company first you have to build your brand internally. After all employees are the representatives of your company, they are the brand. Internal communication comes a long way to build, it might need more time and effort to achieve the effective result as desired but the end result is always proven satisfaction, that I am sure. A combination of strong communication, teamwork and camaraderie framed within trusting relationships will help achieve remarkable results in times of large-scale change and uncertainty, writes University of Nottingham chief executive Peter Homa. And finally, in my own words, you cant communicate with your audience until your internal message is crystal clear.

Cloning: A Nusaince or Necessity :: essays research papers

Cloning: A Nuisance or Necessity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  So many miraculous discoveries have been made during the last century. Medical technology has advanced at an unprecedented rate. Now, we are faced with yet another scientific breakthrough. Cloning, in recent years has taken its own shape under the spotlight. However, people are debating whether or not it should be done. I mean, â€Å"Is it morally correct, humane, possible? How will it affect the future of humanity?† There are those who feel that we should step forward and support the idea. Proponents believe that the technology will be used for the good of mankind. Experts say that the technology may be used to help terminally ill patients in a therapeutic way. Others, however, are trying to stop the practice before it has a chance to realize its true potential because they are afraid of future hazards. They think that someone or some country will use the technology to aid them in war. They do not think that it should be accepted because of many of our rel igious beliefs. Opponents of cloning believe the benefits could never outweigh the potentially horrid process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People who promote the idea of cloning claim that it will probably be used for very good reasons. Today’s list of people needing organ transplants because of disease or deformation at birth could be clearly in only a few years. The technology may advance to a point where children born with missing limbs or deformed parts could actually be removed and replaced with a fully functional, completely healthy limb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If cloning were ever to reach its full potential, the benefits would be virtually limitless. There would be laboratories where the sole purpose of that lab would be to make replicas of one’s self, so that if the person ever had anything wrong with their body, it could be fixed by simply going and having a surgery that would give them a replacement. It would have matching DNA and would be 100% compatible with the body. In theory, people could extend their lives for hundreds of years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who can say that cloning is done for the purpose of medicine. Opposers of cloning claim that the technology is not being developed for the safety of humanity, but by the demand of the people. It is for the people out there who believe that it could give them a new start every time they feel like they are old.

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart Willa

Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Lucy Gayheart is a young, spirited, intelligent music student from Havorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, under the tutelage of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do not distress her; indeed, she craves the solitude of her own will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life never disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The year is 1901. At some point in everyone's life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a place where you al... Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Essay -- Lucy Gayheart Willa Analysis of Lucy Gayheart by Willa Cather Lucy Gayheart is a young, spirited, intelligent music student from Havorford, on the South Platte River. In the winters, she attends a conservatory in Chicago, under the tutelage of Professor Auerbach. In Chicago, she lives in a room above a German bakery, where she takes her breakfasts and suppers. These small quarters do not distress her; indeed, she craves the solitude of her own will, her own piano, her own bed. She walks hungrily through Chicago, her appetite for life never disappointed by the thriving midwestern metropolis. She is beautiful, she is talented, and her young heart has never been broke. The year is 1901. At some point in everyone's life, you meet someone whom you think can lift you beyond where you are, to a place where you al...

The Negative Effects of Divorce on Children

â€Å"So many persons think divorce a panacea for every ill, find out, when they try it, that the remedy is worse than the disease† (Qtd in Harper 192). Divorce in any situation tears a child apart, tossing them from one house to another, limiting the time spent with their parents, and confusing them. There arent very many reasons that would show to be more beneficial for the parent to leave than to stay and keep their marriage. Usually its better for the children if their parents work through their differences rather than get a divorce. To anyone, divorce is a horrible word.There is no way to make the word sound better or make it less painful. According to the Webster’s Dictionary, divorce is â€Å"the legal dissolution of marriage or the termination of an existing relationship or union† (Webster’s 370). This definition makes it seem formal and doesnt show the feeling that people have when the word is mentioned. To most children, divorce is much more than a legal dissolution; it is their whole world being torn apart and thrown on the ground in pieces. One of the biggest problems that divorce imposes on children is the decision of who they should live with.Usually parents divorce when children are small and the children have no say in where they go. Since the child cant choose, this usually leads to custody battles that end in split custody or joint custody. Whatever the choice turns out to be, either one of them will be detrimental to the child. When split custody is decided, it forces either the child or the court to choose which parent to live with and which one is in the childs best interest. It limits the time the child spends with both parenta. When the child only lives with one parent, the relationship with the other parent can be severely damaged.According to the National Survey of Children, close to half of all children with divorced parents have not seen their nonresidential parent in the past year, and only one in six had weekly contact (Whitehead 2). Since the children don’t see both their parents often, the parent that the child lives is usually thought of as strict and â€Å"no fun† because that parent is always there and is always responsible for disciplining the child. This can damage and cause social problems with the child. The nonresidential parent is usually viewed as the fun, exciting one that the child wants to be with.This parent usually tries to give the child presents, and money almost like they are using it in an attempt to â€Å"buy† the child’s love. The child doesnt usually feel the love and security of having a close family, since they are constantly moving from house to house. Because of the constant movement, the child doesnt usually receive quality time from either parent, and it makes it more difficult to feel loved. Joint custody, on the other hand, proves to be even less successful (Zinmeister 29). This type of custody is now allowed in half of the states in the US, although, joint custody is very unusual because of the extreme complications.In California, where divorce is more common than anywhere else, only eighteen percent of divorced couples have joint custody. Even when the divorced parents maintain regular contact with their children, truly cooperative child rearing is rare (Zinmeister 29). Research shows, that the parents have no communication or mutual reinforcement; this usually leads to very unhealthy relationships with their children. Joint custody is even worse on a child because there is even more movement involved. With split custody, the child goes to the nonresidential parent’s house on a certain schedule.In joint custody, however, the child is constantly moves back and forth between houses, causing an even larger lack of time between parent and their child. The custody battle can be damaging, but the divorce of a child’s parents can also confuse the child, suggesting that it is better for parent s to stay together. The child does not really know what commitment really means. Since these children see their parents breaking vows without a second thought, they start to think that whats right for the parents must be the right thing for them to do too.Children are basically shown that they dont have to work out their problems as long as they can run away. This is one reason that today, when someone makes a promise, there is really no promise of whether it will happen or not. According to The Effects of Divorce on Children, an article written by J. Lynn Rhodes, young adults whose parents have divorced previously are likely to have social problems and trouble forming and maintaining intimate relationships (Effects 1). The value of a person’s â€Å"word† has lessened.Partly because of bad examples parents are setting for their children when they get a divorce. Generally, its better for children to suffer a bad marriage than to cope with divorce. According to Universit y of Michigan psychologist and divorce expert Neil Kalter, the misery of an unhappy marriage is less significant than the changes after a divorce. The children would rather their parents keep fighting and not get divorced (Marriage 64). Although it doesnt seem logical, it shows that children want their parents to be together no matter what the cost.The alternative to most divorces is not life in a war zone (Zinmeister 30). In the most of the number of divorces there is no problem or issue that could ruin a person’s childhood. These divorces almost always make the child worse off and create many unnecessary problems for the child. If parents would concentrate harder on working their problems out rather than their own personal happiness, the children would be better off. Divorce, however, isnt always a terrible thing. In a few situations it is for the best.The two situations that can prove beneficial for a person to get a divorce are abusive relationships and adultery. When one parent is abusive, whether verbal, physical, or sexual, to the children, it is more beneficial to the child if the parent leaves (Huffman 4). Also, if one parent is physically abusing the other, the marriage should be ended. If a child watches their parent get beaten their entire life, they could think that its okay to act that way to other people or they can begin to hate the parent for staying.Also, when a spouse is committing adultery, divorce is definitly an option. When one spouse is faced with the affairs and still wont stop having them, the Bible gives the option of divorce. In Matthew 19:8-9 it says, â€Å"Moses permitted you to divorce your wives because your hearts were hard. But it was not this way from the beginning. I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, and marries another woman commits adultery† (Huffman 9). Even under these ircumstances, Jesus permitted divorce, but he didnt encourage it. It generally shows to be more beneficial for a child if their parents stay in an imperfect marriage rather than getting a divorce. The things that are involved with a divorce severely damage a child. The child lacks a â€Å"sense of belonging† and becomes very confused. Therefore, when a person gets married, they need to think long and hard to make sure that it is the right choice for them and for possible children that they may have one day.The person needs to make sure that they dont settle for the person they can live with; they need to wait for the person that they cannot live without. As Jesus says in Mark 10:5-9: It was because your hearts were hard that Moses wrote you this law. But at the beginning of creation God made them male and female. For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh. So they are no longer two but one. Therefore what God hath joined together, let no man put asunder (Huffman 1). Works Cited Harper Book of American Quotations, New York, Harper and Row, 1988, p.192. Huffman, John. â€Å"The Raw Reality of Divorce.† Http://www.christiandigest.com/divorce.html. (19 November 1998). Marriage and Divorce, California, Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1997, p.64. Rhodes, J. Lynn. â€Å"The Effects of Divorce on Children.† http://www.lrhodes.com/divorce.html. 1997. â€Å"Through the eyes of a child.† Http://www.divorceonline.com (20 November 1998). Webster’s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, Massachusetts, Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1984, p.370. Whitehead, Barbara. â€Å"Coming Apart.† http://www.divorceonline.com (20 November 1998). Zinmeister, Karl. â€Å"Divorce’s Toll on Children.† Current Magazine, April 1997: 29-30.

Myra Hindley essays

Myra Hindley essays Should Myra Hindley Have Been allowed out of jail to die? Myra Hindley was Britain's longest-serving female prisoner, and died on the week beginning 25th November 2002 may I add in jail. She was sentenced to life in 1966 for her part in the notorious child killings known as the Moors murders; in Suffolk, England. Jailed along with lover and accomplice Ian Brady, she was convicted of murdering two of the five children they had abducted, tortured and sexually abused before burying their bodies on Saddleworth Moor near Manchester. Hindley had made a number of legal bids for freedom but a succession of Home Secretaries had ruled against her release. We all knew Hindley was going to die soon, so should she have been allowed a few hours of freedom before she died? Or did she deserve to die unhappy? We all know Myra did wrong, but we all forget she wasnt the only one, her partner in crime is in a mental institute. The easy way out of jail said my most people. I do not know what it is like to be in jail or what jail is like but from what I can imagine it wouldnt be a very nice place. I think I would rather be looked after in a mental institute than to fight my own way through jail what do you think? Myra committed murder which is probably the worst crime there is, and she was given life imprisonment, she was an ill woman, should she have been alllowed out for even the last two weeks of her life. Or would it have been even worse for her, as people feel very strongly on what she did to them children and also the children that she killed familys wont really allow her to live the last few days of her life in peace they would rather kill her themselves. Maybe the govenrment did right for once and let her stay in jail what is the famous saying You have to be cruel to be kind ...

Maid of Honor Wedding Toast Quotes

Maid of Honor Wedding Toast Quotes The maid of honor at a wedding can be regarded as the brides friend, philosopher, and guide. Therefore, a toast raised by the maid of honor at the wedding should have words of affection, wisdom, and advice for the newlyweds. A few of the following quotes could be added to the maid of honor wedding toast to make it an unforgettable one.​ Quotes for the Maid of Honors Toast American ProverbYou have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a handsome prince. Dr. James C. DobsonDont marry the person you think you can live with; marry only the individual you think you cant live without. Helen RowlandBefore marriage, a man will lay down his life for you; after marriage he wont even lay down his newspaper. Franklin P. JonesLove doesnt make the world go round; love is what makes the ride worthwhile. Kristen KappelLove is when you look into someones eyes, and see everything you need. Lucy Van Pelt, in Peanuts, by Charles M. SchulzAll I really need is love, but a little chocolate now and then doesnt hurt! Tony HeathBe presidents of each others fan clubs. Dave MeurerA great marriage is not when the perfect couple come together. It is when an imperfect couple learns to enjoy their differences. Madonna, O Magazine, January 2004To be brave is to love someone unconditionally, without expecting anything in return. To just give; that takes courage. Because we dont want to fall on our faces or leave ourselves open to hurt. Zora Neale HurstonLove, I find, is like singing. Everybody can do enough to satisfy themselves, though it may not impress the neighbors as being very much.

Free Essays on Lifes A Journey

Life’s Journey High atop a bare, jagged hillside, and sealed off with rusted gates of iron, lies a decaying and ancient estate that makes many of its neighbors fearful. The hideous statues of demonic creatures look down on the town with frightful eyes. Many townspeople are afraid of this horrifying house, but all will enter. Vie N. Mort, a young, naà ¯ve boy, walks up the mountainside, already leery by nature, and with a feeling of foreboding, and a fear of the unknown, approaches the estate. His heart pounds with every step he takes, and even though his entrance causes a chill to shoot down his back, his curiosity overrides his distrust and fear. The day is beginning, and the bright morning sun provides the estate’s only source of light. As Vie enters, he sees a countless number of corridors. He chooses the first corridor to the left, taking him along what seems to be a mile-long path, lined with books on dusty bookshelves, ending at an ebony door. With some thought, he opens the door, and sees a room as black as the casing he is standing under. Nothing is present in this room save a ray of light which enters in through a bleak, cloudy window. The light shines in the window and illuminates the room. The unfurnished room appears to be endless, stretching beyond Vie’s sight. His fear of this room is unexplainable. His reaction is immediate as he turns and runs from the room, frantically searching for an exit. Vie sprints down the hallway without knowledge of the path he is taking, and soon becomes lost. In his desperate search for escape, time has elapsed and it is now afternoon. Eventually, he stops running and looks around him. There are before him many paths he can choose. He jogs, because he is now too tired to run, down a corridor lined with old family portraits. At the end of this corridor, he arrives at another ebony door. With hesitation he opens the do... Free Essays on Life's A Journey Free Essays on Life's A Journey Life’s Journey High atop a bare, jagged hillside, and sealed off with rusted gates of iron, lies a decaying and ancient estate that makes many of its neighbors fearful. The hideous statues of demonic creatures look down on the town with frightful eyes. Many townspeople are afraid of this horrifying house, but all will enter. Vie N. Mort, a young, naà ¯ve boy, walks up the mountainside, already leery by nature, and with a feeling of foreboding, and a fear of the unknown, approaches the estate. His heart pounds with every step he takes, and even though his entrance causes a chill to shoot down his back, his curiosity overrides his distrust and fear. The day is beginning, and the bright morning sun provides the estate’s only source of light. As Vie enters, he sees a countless number of corridors. He chooses the first corridor to the left, taking him along what seems to be a mile-long path, lined with books on dusty bookshelves, ending at an ebony door. With some thought, he opens the door, and sees a room as black as the casing he is standing under. Nothing is present in this room save a ray of light which enters in through a bleak, cloudy window. The light shines in the window and illuminates the room. The unfurnished room appears to be endless, stretching beyond Vie’s sight. His fear of this room is unexplainable. His reaction is immediate as he turns and runs from the room, frantically searching for an exit. Vie sprints down the hallway without knowledge of the path he is taking, and soon becomes lost. In his desperate search for escape, time has elapsed and it is now afternoon. Eventually, he stops running and looks around him. There are before him many paths he can choose. He jogs, because he is now too tired to run, down a corridor lined with old family portraits. At the end of this corridor, he arrives at another ebony door. With hesitation he opens the do...

Radio Frequency Identification Tags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Radio Frequency Identification Tags - Essay Example They proved that the once-thought virus-safe RFID tags are prone to virus attack even if the memory seems too small to contain all the information needed by the virus to ruin the technology. This research is a call for the RFID designers to take extra care in engineering the chips' code. Since the databases vary about their built in security, the designers should focus on the details of the lines of source code which numbers up to millions. Around 6 to 16 mistakes out of a thousand lines of code mean less security and vulnerability to virus attack. This is important because RFID tags have promising uses in industries such as groceries and airports, wherein important information are all stored in databases. The uses include tracking and inventories, storage of information about personal and financial matters, and property monitoring. Interference of the RFID tags using the viruses does not affect only the system, but the larger scale of the industries concerned. False tags can be used on an item to deliver a virus in a properly working system. This virus can then replicate its illegal code on the databases and corrupt the files. (Kirk, 2006). Privacy of information stored in RFID tags should start at the design and engineering stage. The RFID tags must be designed in such a way that it holds the minimum amount of information possible, without compromising its function and performance. Manufacturers must find a way to decrease the linkability of the tags with confidential data (Cavoukian, 2006). Since RFID tags carry important information, it is very usefule not only in identification but for access into different databases as well. The Senate of the California State had passed a legislation which bans RFID tags in government transactions and documentations. Integration of RFID in any form of identification card, license, and document issued by the state. This prohibition is applicable also in the use of RFID by the employees for security access. (Hook, 2005). The University of Amsterdam's Faculty of Science created a website called the RFID Guardian. The site aims to help RFID users secure their privacy. The website, www.rfidguardian.org, offers a free video about the function of RFID Guardian and how its system works (Faculty of Science). Data and identity theft The RFID tag user should be responsible for the information covered by his tag. He should definitely be in control of the information his RFID tag carries. The same goes for institutions and organizations. They, therefore, should allot resources for training their employees so that the organization as a whole would be able to comply with privacy and security guidelines. They should limit the use of RFID in the disclosure of information by assessing their files and classifying them according to their relevance and confidentiality. Data including those of personal and confidential nature, and those data containing dispersible information, should be updated and accurate. This could prevent subsequent transfer of information using RFID tags from one system to another, which makes the information vulnerable to illegal attacks. There should also be consent from an individual concerned whether or not certain information about him can be disclosed from his RFID tag (Cavoukian, 2006). Due to the important data stored in RFID tags, the technology attracts unauthorized individuals to invade somebody else's privacy. These illegally involved people can

Free Speech or Blatant Cuber-terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Free Speech or Blatant Cuber-terrorism - Essay Example An organization like the New York Daily News praised this effort by Wiki Leaks, denoting it had changed the manner in which news was gathered, and disseminated. Freedom of speech is an important pillar that guides the political, social, and economic environments of United States (Beckett and Ball, 2012). All democracies promote freedom of speech, irrespective of whether the information provided is good to the government or not. It is important to explain that democratic governments normally encourage criticisms. By releasing this information, the founder of Wiki Leaks was criticizing the diplomatic and military strategies of United States (Beckett and Ball, 2012). This is because some of the information released talked about the negative perceptions that the American government had towards some world leaders, and their governments. Wiki Leaks is not cyber terrorism, and its founder is not responsible for abetting or aiding terrorism. Instead, Wiki Leaks is a media organization that aims at promoting freedom of speech, and that of the

Paediatric Burns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Paediatric Burns - Essay Example In present times, even 90% burns patients are being saved while 25 years ago, even 50% burns was considered fatal. Research has evolved the best treatment approaches for burns including resuscitation with fluids, cleaning the wounds, replacement of damaged tissue with skin, control of infection and dietary supports. Incidence Among the leading causes, burns in children (below 9 years are identified as the third one among injury-related deaths (Green, 2010). Burns in children are usually caused at home (Anjali et al, 2009). Scald burns have the commonest incidence in children, 80%. They occur mostly over the upper trunk and upper arms (Anjali et al, 2009). Hot bath water caused 50 % of the scalds. In most cases, the burns could have been prevented. A lapse in parental supervision and curiosity of a child are the two reasons quoted for the tragic incidents. Occasionally the child may not be able to get away from the burning substance Child abuse is another sad cause (Green, 2010). Chil dren who are burnt have a tendency to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (Anjali et al, 2009). ... The coagulation zone lies in the center of the burn and has necrotic tissue. The ischemic zone indicates microvascular injury causing oxygen-deprived tissues and surrounds the coagulation zone. The outermost hyperemic zone shows vasodilatation as an acute inflammatory response to the injury near it (Green, 2010). Primary Survey The first few steps of nursing care help to stabilize the patient for further treatment. Assessment of the airway is especially important in children and the cervical spine is to be protected while doing so. If the child is not responding or if one feels that the airway is compromised, an endotracheal tube is better used as the airway is much smaller in children (Green, 2010). Evaluation of the respiratory status is the next step. The child’s chest must be exposed and the rate, extent, and quality of the respiratory movements assessed. The movements of the chest wall must be watched. The breath sounds must be auscultated bilaterally (Green, 2010). Child ren with burns on the chest will definitely have a compromised respiration. Oxygen must be given through a non-breathing mask to ensure 100% saturation (Green, 2010). A pulse oximeter would indicate the percentage of oxygen saturation. Inhalation is diagnosed by the singed hair on the eyebrows or nose. The pulse quality, rate and rhythm need to be assessed for a picture of the circulation status. When the patient is stable, the neurologic status may be assessed. Level of consciousness may be examined using the AVPU protocol by noting the response to verbal stimuli or pain. If neurologic status is compromised, hypoxaemia, carbon monoxide poisoning, smoke inhalation, drug abuse or an earlier medical problem must be suspected (Green 2010). The clothes of

See instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See instructions - Essay Example The policies cover impartation of knowledge and motivational activities with the focus of highlighting the cruciality of hand hygiene. (Richards and Chesley, 2002). Murray et al (2009) argue that the use of pre and post intervention test outcomes that show health workers knowledge level about prevention and control of infections caused by not washing or improper hand washing will go a long way in reducing the level of such related infections. Proper washing and scrubbing of hands by health workers has proven to be cost effective in preventing and controlling of nosocomical infections. This has been realised through drastic drop in the number of HAI transmitted by contaminated gloves and hands and thereby reduced morbidity and mortality rates. This would mean loss of human, social and economic capital (Whitby et al. 2006). The outstanding challenge to LTC has been and still remains to be placement and availability of alcohol based hand sanitizers to be utilised by the doctors, health workers and residence in an appropriate manner. It was found out that Personal Support Workers and nurses at Whitby Long term care were not washing hands before and after providing care on each patient. The practitioners fail to wash their hands despite having the knowledge that LTC facilities serves an exceptional group of people and experience unique environmental challenges thereby making them the highest transmitters of infections. Infection is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity and also gives rise to the highest number of transfers of patients from LTC to acute care hospitals. (Richards and Chesley,  2002). I have chosen this issue because the hand washing hygiene remains to be the most significant procedures in preventing and controlling hospital acquired infections (HAI). Upholding compliance and sustaining hand hygiene habit after knowledge impartation,

Business&Management - Managing Sustainability Essay - 1

Business&Management - Managing Sustainability - Essay Example We therefore have a task to preserve the land and environment for the generations yet unborn. However, due to the massive improvement in technology and industrialisation, there are many things that operation of many organisations does to destroy the environment. As Shakespeare puts it, the world is a stage and all of us are actors. When we are done, we will pass on and everything we have toiled for will be handed down to our children and grandchildren. If we exhaust all natural resources today, what will we leave for our children? This conference organised by Bath Spa Engineering focuses on sharing ideas and concepts relevant to environmental protection and sustainability in our operations. As stakeholders from various backgrounds we need to have an intimate understanding of the UK Government’s definition of sustainable development: â€Å"Enjoying a better quality of life without compromising in the quality of life of future generations† (Department of Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, 2006). After the Second World War, industrialisation seemed to have taken a different turn. This kind of trend has led to a number of indicators that point to the fact that rapid action must be taken to avert any loss of natural resources to future generations. De Bruyn (2000) identifies the following: 1. Exponential Growth: The world’s population has doubled over the past 30 years. This is usually attributed to the fall in infant mortality, better health care, less wars and improvements in the quality of life. It seems populations are going to increase exponentially into the future. This leads to higher demands for natural resources. 2. Increasing Pollution: The continuous increase in populations around the globe and the concurrent increase in the quality of life around the world means demand for goods has also increased. This

See instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

See instructions - Essay Example The policies cover impartation of knowledge and motivational activities with the focus of highlighting the cruciality of hand hygiene. (Richards and Chesley, 2002). Murray et al (2009) argue that the use of pre and post intervention test outcomes that show health workers knowledge level about prevention and control of infections caused by not washing or improper hand washing will go a long way in reducing the level of such related infections. Proper washing and scrubbing of hands by health workers has proven to be cost effective in preventing and controlling of nosocomical infections. This has been realised through drastic drop in the number of HAI transmitted by contaminated gloves and hands and thereby reduced morbidity and mortality rates. This would mean loss of human, social and economic capital (Whitby et al. 2006). The outstanding challenge to LTC has been and still remains to be placement and availability of alcohol based hand sanitizers to be utilised by the doctors, health workers and residence in an appropriate manner. It was found out that Personal Support Workers and nurses at Whitby Long term care were not washing hands before and after providing care on each patient. The practitioners fail to wash their hands despite having the knowledge that LTC facilities serves an exceptional group of people and experience unique environmental challenges thereby making them the highest transmitters of infections. Infection is the principal cause of mortality and morbidity and also gives rise to the highest number of transfers of patients from LTC to acute care hospitals. (Richards and Chesley,  2002). I have chosen this issue because the hand washing hygiene remains to be the most significant procedures in preventing and controlling hospital acquired infections (HAI). Upholding compliance and sustaining hand hygiene habit after knowledge impartation,

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Research Paper - 3

Sexual Harassment in the Workplace - Research Paper Example To most victims, sexual harassment may prompt them to change their jobs or even feel that people around them do not care about them. There are more other challenges affecting the victims such as depression, anxiety, nightmares, anger, powerlessness, increased blood pressure, withdrawal, traumatic stress and isolation. Strong policies should be instituted both nationally and within organizations to address gender-based violence as well as conducting self-awareness campaigns to combat the challenge (Abdel-hameid & AbdelRhman, 2009). Sexual harassment has turned out to be a common issue due to its higher increase in different organizations begging from schools where teachers have fallen victims to bigger corporations. Sexual harassment occurs when any worker associated with an institution is found liable for sexually harassing a fellow staff or worker at the institution-sponsored events. Sexual harassment further involves a situation where a senior employee causes a junior worker to believe that unless the junior worker gives in for sexual favors, the employee cannot be allowed to enjoy some school programs or activities. There are also principles laid down by the individual businesses to deal with the sexual harassment matters. Sexual Harassment against Nurses in Turkey Çelik and Çelik (2007), identifies the prevalence and sources of sexual harassment against nurses in Turkey. According to their article, it was apparent that physicians were actually the main instigators of sexual harassment and that anger and fear was the reaction against the harassers. According to Çelik and Çelik (2007), most of the sexually harassed nurses do not report the incident to the hospital administration. Sexual harassment is very common in the nursing profession compared to other professions. Also, women are more subjected to sexual harassment compared to men. Nurses with bachelor’s degree in nursing are likely to report sexual incidents and that they are also the dominant group being harassed. Women holding subordinate positions especially in nursing are at risk of being sexually harassed by people in the higher ranks such as physicians. Because of serious effects of sexual harassment, nurses should know their rights and even procedures to follow when sexually harassed. Sexual harassment is prone in professions with more women than men such as nursing. Nursing profession subjects more women to sexual harassment than men. It is also apparent that less educated individuals are likely to be sexually harassed than the more educated individuals. The more educated employees holding superior positions mostly manipulate the less educated employees because of their financial status as well as the seniority of the positions they hold (Celik and Celik, 2007). Moreover, there is a big challenge amongst the sexually harassed individuals of reporting the incidences due to the fear of losing their jobs. Even though they may know the right channel to follow in order to seek justice, they may not make prompt decisions and this largely delays justice and encourages sexual harassment in workplaces. Naming and Claiming Workplace Sexual Harassment in Australia According to Charlesworth, McDonald & Cerise (2011), Australia is another country exp eriencing a high number of sexual harassment yet the legal aspect of it is never fully understood resulting into few cases being reported. Increase in sexual harassment

Coketown described by Charles Dickens - Criticism Essay Example for Free

Coketown described by Charles Dickens Criticism Essay This passage has come across a monotonous and dull town surrounded by industrialization. There is no colour, no aesthetic beauty but just buildings and factories that are an eyesore to the whole town. This town was once a nice place and it was a town of red brick but because of all the smoke, dust and dirt it has now all changed to black brick. There is no life left in the inhabitants of the town. They are just servers to the town and they arent even considered the characters of the passage. They are dehumanized and instead the buildings are the characters that take over. The buildings seem to literally take over the human qualities and are given priority and superiority to the people. There is no change or difference between one building and another. The Jail might have been the infirmary; the infirmary might have been the jail. There is a sense of sameness and uniformity. Other people get life out of what Coketown sacrifices. The people of this town are stuck with this lifestyle forever as there doesnt seem to be any way out if it. The town is literally doomed. There is the image of serpents which give off the evil part to this town. It is almost as if the people are under the influence of this evil task master from which the inhabitants can never hope to escape. There is also the image of water which is usually the symbol of life and purity but in this case the water has become a victim of this so called progress. This lifeless town is basically sustained by what it makes and produces. These people are sacrificing their lives and their town in order to survive. The only thing that seems to be done in this town is work and more work; there are no natural sights or pleasure in its perspective. Everything is made just for purpose and function. Even the chapel built which is supposed to be an inspiring building and have meaning to people is described as a warehouse. There is a feeling of entrapment in this town such as the bird cage image used. These people have no knowledge of life out of this town. They are mechanical soldiers who feel enslaved to working for this town and feel like it is their only purpose to life. The people are alienated from each other as they dont even seem to try and change this strict and totalitarian system. There is nothing more than facts and nothing seems important besides facts. It is a perverted world where people have lost their humanity and inanimate objects get a life of their own. This town seems to be what controls the people and unfortunately the people all seem to be too intimated by the system that they wont even consider speaking up about the corrupt lifestyle they all live each day. There is a major devoid of natural life and the people are helpless to the situation.

Childcare Staff Research: Meeting Child Needs

Childcare Staff Research: Meeting Child Needs Introduction: I have chosen one area in my environment and that is the home corner in my setting. I have chosen this as Siolta standard 2 and standard 6 links to this particular area. Siolta standard 2 is enriching environments and according to this the home corners should be safe and adaptable for the children and should be stimulating for each child’s development. The equipment should be reachable for each child and appropriate. â€Å"Enriching environments, both indoor and outdoor (including materials and equipment) are well-maintained, safe, available, accessible, adaptable, developmentally appropriate, and offer a variety of challenging and stimulating experiences.† Standard 6 links into the home corner as each child needs appropriate resources for them to explore and use their creativity while in interaction with other children. They should have support from the staff. Each child should have a equal amount of time to play freely and developmentally. â€Å"Promoting play requires that each child has ample time to engage in freely available and accessible, developmentally appropriate and well-resourced opportunities for exploration, creativity and meaning making in the company of other children, with participating and supportive adults and alone, where appropriate.† (2) Findings of my research: My primary research consists of a survey for staff members, interview with parents and children. My findings on my research and the feedback I was giving was great. I found that some of the answers were very familiar with one another. On my survey for staff I asked questions such as â€Å"How do you cater for all age groups and their interests? The response was each room is catered for certain age groups and toys reflect on age + activities.† Another question was â€Å"How are each individual child’s needs met in relation to diversity and equality within the setting? The answered we try to nurture and respect each child’s needs and diversity abilities in a caring loving manner†. I also asked â€Å"How does this particular area help promote the overall holistic development of the child as a whole? The response I was given was theme Belonging + identity family walls and pictures.† On my interview questions for parents I asked â€Å"Do you feel welcome, comfortable and involved in crà ¨ches life? The parent said yes the staff are great and very welcoming.† I also asked â€Å"How would you rate the standard of the materials and environment in our setting? The parent replied with excellent they meet each child’s development needs.† I find my feedback giving bye parents was great as the parents seemed a lot happy with the setting and their environment. I found that the crà ¨che is very friendly and the home corner is very important to them as most of the children’s interest is the home corner it is also beneficial to each child’s individual needs as it will make them feel like they are at home and make them happy to be in the setting as they are here for along amount of time throughout the day. It is good for their developmental skills and also they are using their imagination, communicating with other children while interacting this is benefitting each child loads. My findings: Staff survey Bright Stimulating: The Staff told me it was very bright and stimulating for each child. I found this as it is very bright. Equipment: The staff said there was a lot of space and the equipment they had was great. Is it suitable for all age groups: The home corner is covering each child’s interest and is suitable for all age groups. I found this as the materials used in it is suitable for all age groups. Links with Aistears 4 themes: The home corner does link with Aistears 4 themes as the children will be communicating with others, exploring and thinking they will be using their imagination and learning skills. Promoting equality and diversity: The staff members try everything they can to nurture and respect each child’s needs and diversity abilities. I found this as I can notice them trying to promote equality in a weekly basis. Can children seek support from childcare Practitioners? Yes adults are there to help children when needed. Safety: The home area is safe as it has no materials that would cause any accidents and all equipment is reachable to all children. Child Friendly: Yes the home corner is very friendly and realistic for each child to feel homely. P.I.L.E.S The home corner does develop P.I.L.E.S as it helps them develop and challenge themselves My findings: Interview with parents Bright Stimulating: I found the parents said it was very colourful and bright. Equipment: Parents said there was lots of equipment Is it suitable for all age groups: The home corner is suiting all age groups.. I found this as the materials used in it is suitable for all age groups. Promoting equality and diversity: The parents told me the home corner does promote equality and diversaitry. I found this true as I can notice them trying to promote equality in a weekly basis. Can children seek support from childcare Practitioners? The parents said staff are great and offer lots of support Safety: The home area is safe. This is true as there is no equipment to cause any accident and the children are all able to reach. Child Friendly: Yes the home corner is very friendly and realistic for each child to feel homely. The learning environment facilitates movement for children aged 2-3 years bye when each child is learning how to control their hand eye co-ordination. The staff is learning each child how to use it by picking up small objects a spoon for example the child is then starting to use his/her fine motor skills and palmer grasp. They also learn through doing activities such as painting and drawing as they will be holding a paintbrush or pencil. They are learning how to deal with their balance while they draw and paint. They can do some activities like play dough sand or water play this is helping them to sense what their hands are for and use their skills. This helps al other domains of development as they are using different skills such as listening they are taking in what has been said and their communication skills. Recommendations Plan Sensory Materials Short Term- Ready-made play dough that’s already in it. Medium Term Different play dough (Cooked play dough) Long Term- Just put flower and water in the home area and let them make it. Water Basin Short Term- To Have floor matts down on the floor so there are no accidents. Long term- Invest in water dispensers and have them filed up water. Fabric Short Term- To have table cloths, and scarfs in the home corner. Medium- Staff and parents bring in materials from home. Long term: Invest in different fabric materials budget the money for this Culture Short Term- Hang up posters of different flags, and countries Medium Term- Get the staff and children to make them Long Term- Budget and invest in some real ones along with bringing in different foods from different countries E.G Italy- Pasta Moving the Home corner outside Short Term- To have cardboard drawers and shelf’s outside Medium Term- Make it more realistic gather up nature material leaves muck conquers Long Term- Budget and buy some realistic drawers and shelf’s for outside Refernces: Standard 2: Environments â€Å"Siolta† [Online], available: http://www.siolta.ie/standards.php [Accessed June 2014] Standard 6: Play â€Å"Siolta† [Online], available: http://www.siolta.ie/standards.php [Accessed June 2014] Sandra Craig Positivism And Natural Law | Philosophy Positivism And Natural Law | Philosophy Explain and differentiate between positivism and natural law and how these schools of thoughts perceived the meaning, function and purpose of law.   Positivism is a law that is made by human beings. The note that the term positive does not mean good in this context, but man-made or posited (cf. posit). More specifically, positive law may be characterized as [l]aw actually and specifically enacted or adopted by proper authority for the government of an organized jural society. Body of man-made laws consisting of codes, regulations, and statutes enacted or imposed within a political entity such as a state or nation. Definition of natural law a law whose content is set by nature and that therefore has validity everywhere. Natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze human nature and deduce binding rules of moral behavior. Idea of perfect law based on equity, fairness, and reason, by which all man-made laws (see positive law) are to be measured and to which they must (as closely as possible) conform. Natural law is derived from the concept that the entire universe is governed by cosmic laws on which human conduct should be based, and which can be deduced through reasoning and the moral sense of what is right or wrong. law and justice are merely man-made conventions and that no action can be deemed to be right or wrong unless a particular populace, through its customs or positive laws, declares that it is right or wrong. Positivists espouse relativism and subjectivism with respect to what is proper or improper. Natural law opposes the idea that moral law is relative, subjective, and changeable. Natural law provides a criterion by which positive laws can be judged. If the law of the state runs counter to natural law, it is held to be unjust. Positive law and normative justice are not synonymous. If justice is pertinent then natural law is pertinent. meaning man-made law, not good law; cf. posit) of a given political community, society, or nation-state, and thus can function as a standard by which to criticize that law Contrast this with natural law which are inherent rights, not conferred by act of legislation. There is no inherent or necessary connection between the validity conditions of law and ethics or morality. Positivism sharply separates law and morality Natural law is to discover or assert the prior premises of law The Separation Thesis, however, has often been overstated. It is sometimes thought that Natural Law asserts, and Legal Positivism denies, that the law is, by necessity, morally good or that the law must have some minimal moral content. Function of law: Law is not the only normative domain in our culture; morality, religion, social conventions, etiquette, and so on, also guide human conduct in many ways which are similar to law Natural law theory is a philosophical and legal belief that all humans are governed by basic innate laws, or laws of nature, which are separate and distinct from laws which are legislated. Legislated laws are sometimes referred to as à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"positive lawsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  in the framework of natural law theory, to make a clear distinction between natural and social laws. Natural law theory has heavily influenced the laws and governments of many nations, including England and the United States, and it is also reflected in publications like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In England, for example, members of parliament may appeal to natural law theory in settling disputes, in the form of the Fundamental Laws of England, a series of basic rights set out by William Blackstone in the 1760s. Natural law has nothing to do with nature. It is the concept of the law being based on the morally correct thing to do. This is sometimes associated with Divine law which suggests that there are laws of greater power than that of humans. An example of this is human rights and their Universality. Positive law refers to a body of man-made laws that may regulate conduct in a certain area. This type of law may be traced back to ancient times and is typically passed by government at the local, regional, or national level. Positive law is sometimes contrasted with natural law, which is typically based on moral principles. Positive laws might set the standards for acts that are required as well as those that are prohibited. Penalties are usually given to those who violate positive law Some examples of positive laws might include statutes, judicial verdicts, and ordinances. Positive laws may be written and enacted by government lawmakers, courts, and administrative agencies. Those who are physically present where the positive laws have governing power are typically required to obey such laws. Legal positivism is sometimes compared with natural law. Natural law commonly refers to the natural order, or a moral and ethical code that people share as human beings. Positive law is artificial order and consists of rules of conduct that people place upon each other. Natural law is inherent and may not require government enforcement, while positive laws are the legal ones that people are typically expected to follow. Legal positivists may feel that for a law to be valid, it should be codified, or written down, and recognized by some type of government authority. They might reject the theory that people will obey inherent law based on moral values. Positive laws may be made by those with authority to ensure that if they are broken, a penalty will ensue. QUESTION TWO The law of contract and company law has been established not only regulate the running of business but also to ethically promote protection for all parties concerned. To what extent this objective has succeeded? (10 marks) The government raised issues of concern in business and has implemented many measures to curb corporate wrongdoings through corporate governance. How far this effort has achieved its objectives. Answer by giving illustrations. (15 marks) QUESTION THREE The principle of natural justice has been applied by the courts in cases of unfair dismissals where there was as clear breach of the principle by the parties concerned. In the case of employers the observance of natural justice has found its way in domestic inquiries held internally by organizations. Explain and elaborate how this observance could be extended more effectively by employers especially in avoiding any legal suits involving a breach of natural justice within the jurisprudence of employment law. QUESTION FOUR a) Discuss ways that is possible to curb the occurrence of external whistle blowing. (10 marks) b) Debates on enacting legal protection for whistleblowers to assist organization would inculcate a more ethical working environment. Once undertaken this effort need to be supported by procedures that will ensure a successful policy implementation. Discuss. (15 marks)

The Cost of Equal Opportunity: An in Depth Look at the College Tuition

The idea of freedom and equal opportunity that America was built on has sadly been lost and replaced with a system of quality education only being accessible by the wealthy. In-state college tuition should be free for all students meeting admission requirements, allowing students from the full spectrum of economic backgrounds to have the same opportunity to receive the same education. The incidence of poverty in the U.S. is directly linked to educational level. When a college degree is earned, income levels rise (College Board). The best use of federal government anti-poverty funds is not another welfare or assistance program; it is to make college education affordable for everyone. A high school education is no longer sufficient to succeed in America’s increasingly complex economy. However, because of the high price point of a college education, far too many Americans are unable to afford education beyond high school. As shown in the graph below, the higher level of education received greatly increases the chances for employment and also dramatically increases the average salary potential of an individual. (College Board) With more Americans falling to the lower middle class, (Curtis) action needs to be taken to ensure that young Americans are not priced out of college because the price of tuition is so high. In addition, many of our top private universities are in danger of being accessible only to those from the most affluent families. With the total price tag of a bachelor's degree from a top-tier U.S. College or university hovering around $150,000, even some of the most highly sought-after high school graduates are turning down universities like Yale and Stanford in favor of more economical options -- com... ...ebruary, 2010. 6 May, 2012. Woodruff, Mandi. â€Å"Even a PhD Couldn't Keep This Man Off Food Stamps.† Business Insider. 9 May, 2012. 11 May, 2012. Murray, Sara. â€Å"Numbers On Welfare See Sharp Increase.† The Wall Street Journal. 22 Jun. 2009. 20 May. 2012. Curtis, Jack. â€Å"America's Sinking Middle Class.† American Thinker. 5 Apr. 2010. 19 May. 2012. Lucas, Fred. â€Å"Obama Will Spend More on Welfare in the Next Year Than Bush Spent on Entire Iraq War, Study Reveals.† CNS News. 22 Sep. 2009. 19 May. 2012.

A Bloody Christmas :: essays research papers

Creative Story: A Bloody Christmas Hurry up Joe! It's 10:15, your fifteen minutes late!" Claire screamed from outside the dressing room with a hint of a New York Accent. Claire was Santa's helper at the mall. "I'm coming!" Joe yelled back. "Stupid kids, I hate kids." Joe mumbled to himself while getting himself dressed. Joe was the Santa at the local mall. Since Joe had just been released from the mental institution for insanity, the cost of the institution wiped him out of money so he needed the job badly. When the job was offered to him he had to take it. Joe was a scrawny man. Not your usual Santa Clause. He had no rosy cheeks or round belly, he didn't have the hearty laugh nor real white hair. His ribs poked out of his skin and his stomach looked like an empty cave. His eyes were pushed into his head way more than most people, the dark rings circling his made his eyes look like they were going to pop out any second. The bones of his cheeks showed through his dry, pale skin making him look like a zombie. "Let's go now!!" Claire screeched at the top of her lungs. Claire meant this time. Quickly, Joe stumbled out of the dressing room in a clumsy fashion. Looking like he had just chugged a couple of kegs, dragged his oversized Santa coat and pants with him hopping they wouldn't fall down and left the dressing room. Joe and Claire walked toward where Santa's hut was while watching a crowd gather around it. "Ya know Claire," Joe said, "I really hate my job." "Really," replied Claire in a sarcastic tone, "Who doesn't hate little brats crawling around on your lap." Joe sat down in his special Santa chair and waited for the first child to come forward. The fist kid was about five yrs. old. Joe thought he was disgusting. The child was wearing cuarteroy overalls with a white turtleneck underneath. The cuarteroys had crusty stains of peanut butter all down the front of his navy blue overalls. Making a revolting contrast between colors. The turtleneck seemed to have lost its whiteness a long time ago. It was imbedded with red pasta sauce and olive chunks glued to the sauce. His face wasn't very attractive either. On his left cheek a piece of spagetti attached to his skin dangled and dried mucus flaked off his upper lip. Joe leaned back in remorse wishing this was all a long terrifying dream. The kid hopped on his lap and in a happy voice said, "Hi Mr.

Comparing of mice and men with the withered arm Essay

Introduction Of mice and men is a novel written in a based in America during the depression. It was written by John Steinbeck and set on a ranch in Soledad, a small rural area in California. This eye-opening tale is based on two contrasting men, George, a small, intelligent yet modest man and Lenny, as big as a bull and as strong as an ox, but seemingly mentally challenged, who travelled around with each other working as ranch hands to earn enough money to eventually own their own piece of land and succeed in living the American dream. The withered arm is a short story written by the legendary author John Steinbeck. It is set is Wessex (the south west of England) and is based around four main characters; Rhoda Brook, a milkmaid on a dairy, her son, Farmer Lodge, the owner of the dairy and father to Rhoda Brooks child and Gertrude Lodge, the young wife of Farmer Lodge. All of these characters feel isolated due to their social status yet between them there is an unfortunate set of events involving witchcraft, superstition and death About the authors-John Steinbeck John Steinbeck grew up in California in the early 1900’s. There he attended school, university and worked on a ranch. This is where he got the inspiration for the short novel ‘Of mice and men’. Working a ranch hand he saw up close and personally the kind of events he speaks of in his book, which is why he is capable of bringing the characters he uses to life. He wrote such other stories as the pearl, the red pony and the moon is down Thomas Hardy Thomas Hardy was brought in Dorset in the mid 1800’s. He lived with family in a small cottage and like most children of his generation worked manually from a very young. The inspiration for his short stories and novels came from his grandmother’s tales. He would sit in front of the fire in his home and listen to the ‘old wives tales’ she would tell him. The withered arm is one such memory he has shared with us in his exceptional writings. When Hardy was old enough he moved to London where he lived with electricity, telephoned and other luxuries he had never experienced as a child. Although he came to know London, the lifestyle and the people very well, it was in the past he knew about only from old stories that he chose to base his exceptional tales Show how effectively these stories reflect the times they were set in. Examine character settings and social condition There are several themes to include in this essay, loneliness, dreams, and the role of women. These are just a few of many I will discuss Dreams are an important factor in both stories and I will explain why First of all what is a dream according to the Reader’s Digest Great Encyclopaedic Dictionary, Third Edition a dreams are a Train of thoughts, images, or fancies passing through mind during sleep; Conscious indulgence of fancy, reverie, thing of dream-like beauty, charm, goodness, etc. As it is described above, a dream is something you indulge in, to escape momentarily from life. This seems to be the context that John Steinbeck intended his characters in Of Mice and Men to dream in. The role of dreams in of mice and men is incredibly important. After the Wall Street crash hundreds of men became unemployed and had to travel around working as ranch hands for a bit of cash. And most of these people had what is known as the great American dream, to own their own bit of land where they can live work and be proud of, something they could call their own. These ranch hands or ‘bindle stiffs’ as they became known had nothing apart from what they could carry in their bindle. All their earthly possessions were kept wrapped in a piece of cloth and had to be light enough so that they could walk around with it where ever they went. George shared the great American dream and believed that one day he would be able to achieve it. Lenny was incredibly simple minded and forgetful, much like a young child. He only remembered what he wanted to remember which in his case was â€Å"tending the rabbits† and live with George on their own piece of land. When we are first introduced to George and Lenny’s dream it is clear that they have spoken of it many a time before. Lenny shows the excitement of an eager child on Christmas morning just at the thought of being in the place he so longed to be. To us their dream sounds very simple but for them if it was to happen it would literally be a dream come true, this is the section from where we are first introduced to the dream; â€Å"Some day – we’re gonna get a jack together and were gonna have a little house and a couple of an’ a cow and some pigs and—-â€Å" â€Å"An’ live of the fatta the lan† Lenny shouted. â€Å"An’ have rabbits. Go on George! Tell about what we’re gonna have in the garden and about the rabbits in the cages and the rain in the winter and the stove, and thick cream is on the milk like you can hardly cut it. Tell about that, George.† â€Å"Why’n’t you do it yourself. You know all of it.† No. . . you tell it. It ain’t the same if I tell it. Go on . . . George. How I get to tend the rabbits.† â€Å"Well,† said George. â€Å"We’ll have a big vegetable patch and a hutch and chickens. And when it rains in the winter, we’ll just say the hell with goin’ to work and we’ll build up a fire in the stove and set around it an’ listen to the rain comin’ down on the roof-Nuts!† The key line in that section is when Lenny says â€Å"An’ live of the fatta the lan† That sentence rounds up the great American dream, to be able to live on your own land and look after yourself. Lenny, with his child-like mentality, believes whatever he hears, so when George tells him that they will really get their own land, he believes with all his heart. To Lenny, the question is not if, but when: â€Å"George, how longà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s it gonna be till we get that little place anà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ live on the fatta the lanà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ – anà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ rabbits?† However George is really keeping Lenny sweet because he knows how difficult and unlikely fulfilling the dream would. That is why he shows so much surprise in the bunk-house when candy gets involved and eventually says; â€Å"S’pose I went in with you guys. Tha’s three hundred an’ fifty bucks I’d put in. I ain’t much good, but I could cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some. How’d that be?† George was very defensive at first but eventually adapted to the idea. The section goes on; they fell into a silence. They looked at one another, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true. George said reverently, â€Å"Jesus Christ! I bet we could swing her† The line underlined in that section is extremely important because however much George and Lenny spoke of this dream, unlike Lenny, George new the likelihood of it actually happening was extremely improbable but now he could see the light at the end of the tunnel. This dream had been based on a kind of fantasy, the way a 10 year old boy fantasises of playing football for England, you always think about but never expect it to happen, and George shock and delight in their new found wealth to put towards this home is clear when he says reverently â€Å"Jesus Christ! I bet we could swing her.† Candy does not seem to have a dream until he meets George and Lenny. He is swept up in the plausible reality of this dream, a dream he would probably be too scared to initiate by himself. Candy is not happy with his life on the ranch, but he doesn’t think that there is anything that he can do but now the three men really have something to aim for which is within reasonable sight, they are expecting a dream come true George and Lenny’s dream is the most potent throughout Of Mice and Men but it isn’t the only one Curleys wife’s dream was to be in the movies and star in a Hollywood epic as is shown when she says; â€Å"Nother time a met a guy, an’ he was in pitchers. Went out to the Riverside dance palace with him. He says he was gonna put me in the movies. Says I was a natural. Soon’s he got back to Hollywood he was gonna write to me about it.† She looked closely at Lenny to see if she was impressing him. â€Å"I never got that letter,† She said. â€Å"I always thought my ol’ lady stole it. Well I wasn’t gonna stay no place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Whether or not the letter was sent she stood by her dream and wouldn’t accept that she might not have made it on to the silver screen. Also Crooks, the coloured stable buck made a point of his a dream, the thing he wanted above any thing else was companionship and equal rights. This is shown when he speaks to Lenny whilst the others are in town. In this conversation his jealousy of Lenny’s race, and of his relationship with George are quite clearly shown. This is what he says; â€Å"George can tell you screwy things and it don’t matter. It’s just the talking. It’s just bein’ with another guy. That’s all.† He Paused His voice grew soft and persuasive. â€Å"S’pose George don’t come back no more. S’pose George went into town to-night and you never heard him no more.† Crooks pressed forward in some kind of private victory. â€Å"Just s’pose that.† He repeated Crooks goes on â€Å"torturing† Lenny speaking about George not coming back until Lenny goes on the offensive and questions Crooks. When Crooks senses he could be in danger he backs off and goes on to say â€Å"Maybe you can see now. You got George. You know he’s goin’ to come back. S’pose you didn’t have nobody. S’pose you couldn’t go in to the bunk-house and play rummy ’cause you was black. How’d you like that? S’pose you had to sit out here an’ read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dark, but then you got to read books. Books ain’t no good. A guy needs somebody-to be near him.† He whined. â€Å"A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you. I tell ya,† he cried. â€Å"I tell ya a guy gets too lonely, an’ he gets sick Crooks speaks to opens his heart to Lenny even though he said he didn’t even want him there, but that last speech shows Crooks’ envy for what George and Lenny have and how his dream is to be around people and be cast aside just because he â€Å"Just some nigger†. This envy however comes out at first in anger, which also shows the jealousy coming through for what the two friends have In the withered arm John Steinbeck reflects the time his novel is set in through the implication of dreams through different characters. George and Lenny have the great American dream which was shared by millions during the depression, Curleys wife dreams of being a movie star, and as the film industry really kicked off during the time this book is set in and crook’s dream is that of the coloured man during this time in history, to have equal rights and companionship In the withered arm dreams are also extremely important but some are shown are shown in a completely different way to the dreams in Of Mice and Men. When talking of dreams in The Withered Arm you have to discuss the dream, which the story is based around, Rhoda Brooks dream. Rhoda was a milkmaid on an â€Å"eighty cow dairy† And was well known around her small community for two things, one was her affair with Farmer Lodge, the wealthy land owner, which left here with a child, and number two for the rumours spread by the villagers about her usage of unnatural powers and performing rituals etc. using witchcraft. These rumours came from her involvement with a man by the name of conjurer Trendle, a wizard if you will. Now Farmer Lodge had, since his affair with Rhoda Brook, betrothed a beautiful young women named Gertrude and obviously after her marriage to Farmer Lodge became known as Gertrude Lodge. Rhoda Brook initially hated Gertrude Lodge with a purpose. She would send her son to get a look at her to find out whether she was pretty and kind etc. She was basically extremely jealous of Gertrude’s youth and beauty and was envious of her marrying the Father of her son. In Rhoda Brooks dream she is visited by Gertrude Lodge, only not by the Gertrude Lodge that had married Farmer Lodge but by an older distorted Gertrude Lodge. This is an extract from the story describing the dream; But the figure which had occupied her so much during this and the previous days was not to be banished at night. For the first time Gertrude Lodge visited the supplanted women in her dreams. Rhoda Brook dreamed – since her assertion that she really saw, before falling asleep, was not to be believed – that the young wife, in the pale silk dress and white bonnet, but with features shockingly distorted, and wrinkled by age, was sitting upon her chest as she lay. The pressure of Mrs. Lodge’s person grew heavier; the blue eyes peered cruelly into her face; and then the figure thrust forward its left hand mockingly, so as to make the wedding ring it wore glitter in Rhoda’s eyes. Maddened mentally, and nearly suffocated by pressure, the sleeper struggled; the incubus, still regarding her, withdrew to the foot of the bed, only, however, to come forward by degrees, resume her seat, and flash her left hand as before. Gasping for breath, Rhoda, in a last desperate effort, swung out her right hand, seized the confronting spectre by its obstructive left arm, and whirled it backward towards the floor, starting up herself as she did so with a low cry â€Å"O, merciful heaven!† she cried, sitting on the edge of the bed in a cold sweat; â€Å"that was not a dream – she was here!† She could feel her antagonists arm within her grasp even now – the very flesh and bone of it, as it seemed. This dream shows the Rhoda Brooks hatred is pure jealousy of Gertrude’s relationship with farmer Lodge and of her youthful looks. In the dream the way the spectre flashed the wedding ring at Rhoda showed a great deal if envy and resentment for what Gertrude has. And also how Gertrude is disfigured shows that even though Gertrude is a pretty young woman to everyone else, Rhoda sees her as a disfigured old hag. During the 1800’s children born through unmarried parents were looked down upon, well not so much the children as the parents, but as Farmer Lodge owned the land where most villagers lived and worked Rhoda was the one who was isolated because if it. Although the book describes Rhoda Brook as a â€Å"faded woman on thirty† and as a woman of â€Å"well defined features with a large frame I would imagine fro her to have a relationship with Framer Lodge she would have had too have been a beautiful, popular young woman in her late teens early twenties and because of rejection from her Childs father and her community she had become less attractive and more worn, and this dream made Gertrude the older, unattractive woman. But still she had the ring on and still she had the love of Farmer Lodge. Although this dream left Rhoda brook shaken she wasn’t overly bothered about it until the day Gertrude appeared at her front door and showed her a strange mark which she had discovered on her left arm. Gertrude said she awoke with the problem two weeks ago when the clock struck two. In naming the night and the hour Rhoda Brook had her encounter it looked as if Rhoda’s dream was more than just a dream, after all there were rumours about her using witchcraft. Gertrude Lodge’s dream in The Withered Arm is similar to that of the dreams in of mice and men. She longs to be loved by Farmer Lodge and when she begins looking less attractive she becomes worried and will go to any length to stay beautiful. This reflects the time it was set in because a wealthy man would tend to marry beauty and when this beauty begins to lessen they would become uninterested and move on to someone new. Gertrude makes a point of this in a conversation she has with Rhoda Brook; Rhoda shivered. â€Å"That’s fancy,† she said hurriedly. â€Å"I wouldn’t mind it, if I were you.† â€Å"I shouldn’t so much mind it,† said the younger with hesitation, â€Å"if – if I hadn’t a notion that it makes my husband – dislike me – no, love me less. Men think so much of personal appearance.† â€Å"Some do – he for one.† â€Å"Yes; and he was very proud of mine at first.† â€Å"Keep your arm covered from his sight.† â€Å"Ah – he knows the disfigurement is there!† She tried to hide the tears that fled her eyes. Gertrude just wanted to feel loved and not be cast aside by her husband Thomas Hardy reflects upon the times this short story was set in, just as Steinbeck did, by using characters. The way Farmer Lodge could have women how and when he pleased or until they weren’t as easy on the eye and also how people used to believe in witchcraft. Hardy’s story could have been believed as a true story not much more than a century ago. Loneliness is an extremely important theme throughout both stories. Nearly every character is an outcast in his or her own little way, despite being part of a bigger community. In Of Mice And Men George and Lenny really stand out because they aren’t alone. People during the depression would work a month on a ranch, take their earnings and be on their way. As George said whilst speaking with Lenny; â€Å"Guys like us, that work on ranches, are the loneliest guys in the world† And it was true. These ‘Ranch hands’ or ‘Bindle stiffs’ arrived alone, worked alone and left alone. But George and Lenny were different because they travelled around together. George’s conversation with Lenny continued; â€Å"They got no family. They don’t belong no place. They come to a ranch an’ work up a stake an’ then go inta town an’ blow their stake, and the first thing you know they’re pounding their tale on some other ranch. They got nothing to look ahead to† Lenny was delighted. â€Å"That’s it – that’s it. Now tell how it is with us.† George went on. â€Å"With us it ain’t like that. We got a future. We got somebody to talk to that gives a damn about us. We don’t have to sit in no bar-room blowin’ in out jack jus’ because we got no place else to go. If them other guys gets in jail they can rot for all anybody gives a damn. But not us.† Lenny broke in. â€Å"but not us! An’ why? Because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you, and that’s why.† I have underlined â€Å"We got somebody to talk to† because that is an extremely important line. Crooks says to Lenny when talking about loneliness â€Å"A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody†. But George and Lenny are friends and have each other, and although Lenny can be a Burden on George he is glad they are together. They have a kind of father and son relationship, with George the father and Lenny being the son. George knows that Lenny isn’t too bright, he thinks like a child, so the only way George can keep him form â€Å"doin’ bad things† is by keeping him in check the way a father would. There are many examples of this. The first one is when the two men have just escaped from weed and Lenny is drinking the dirty water. George says; â€Å"Lenny! Lenny for god’s sake don’t drink so much.† Lenny continued to snort into the pool. The small man leaned over and shook him by the shoulder. â€Å"Lenny. You gonna be sick like you was last night.† George speaks to Lenny firmly like this so he knows he doing something wrong the way a father would but he also does other things similar to a father for example praising him so he knows he’s done something right, like when George tells him not to speak when they get to the ranch. Lenny remembers this so George says â€Å"Good boy. That’s swell. You say that over two, three more times so you wont forget it.† He also brags about Lenny to other people such as when he first speaks to slim about working slim asks if George and Lenny have ever bucked Barley and George replies â€Å"Hell, Yes. I ain’t nothing to scream about, but that big bastard there can put up more grain alone than most pairs can† George feels he has to show Lenny off to new people the way a parent would with their child Some people were suspicious of George and Lenny because they never saw people travelling around together. One person was the boss at the ranch. He grilled George because he thought that George was stealing Lenny’s pay. This is part of their conversation; â€Å"I said what stake you got in this guy? You takin’ his pay away from him† â€Å"No, ‘course I ain’t. Why ya think I’m selling him out?† â€Å"Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy. I just like to know what your interest is† This reflects upon the time it was set with most people travelling alone, trusting no one Another lonely character on the ranch is Curley’s wife. Despite the fact she has recently become married to Curley she is isolated on the ranch. Throughout the whole book she isn’t allocated a name, making her out to be on of Curleys possessions like Curleys shoe or Curleys leg. She walks around the ranch heavily made up, with rouge lips and her hair in curls, dressed to impress, apparently looking for Curley but she is just trying to get attention from the Ranch hands. As the only women on the ranch you would expect the men to be all over her but it is the exact opposite, in fact most of them dislike her, they call her â€Å"jail bait†, â€Å"tart† and several other offensive names because they think they se her giving them â€Å"the eye.† When Curley’s wife speaks to Lenny in the barn she tells him all about how lonely she is, she says; â€Å"Why can’t I talk to you? I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.† Lenny said, â€Å"Well, I ain’t supposed to talk to you or nothin'† â€Å"I get lonely,† she said. â€Å"You can talk to people, but I cant talk to nobody but Curley. Else he gets mad. How’d you like not to talk to anybody† She has probably grown up quite lonely and only married Curley to get away from home. She tries to get attention by dressing up but when she realises she wont get it she tries talking to Lenny because she knows he wont tell her to go away because she can out talk him. He is very simple and doesn’t like confrontation. Both Curley’s wife and Crooks use Lenny to talk to about their loneliness. It is quite ironic how Curleys wife spent all her time on the ranch look for attention but when she finally got it from asking Lenny to touch her hair she didn’t want it and its what led to her unfortunate death. As Curleys wife was the only woman on the ranch she represented the way women were treated during the period in the same way Crooks was the only coloured man on the ranch. He represented the way an entire race was treated and felt during and before the depression. Crooks is the crippled stable buck, the book describes him as a proud aloof man, and his loneliness came out as anger. In chapter four he speaks to Lenny about how he feels. He is defensive at first but soon opens up and eventually becomes quite friendly. He’s very specific about his rights and shows this when Lenny says â€Å"I seen your light.† Crooks very sharply replies with â€Å"Well I gotta right to have a light. The conversation between Lenny and Crooks spans over several pages but leads up to Crooks saying this; â€Å"A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, longà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s he’s with you. I tell ya,† he cried. â€Å"I tell ya a guy gets too lonely, an’ he gets sick† He’s happy talking to Lenny because Lenny is simple. He won’t offend him or tell other people what he’s been speaking about and Crook’s is happy to have spoken to someone but when George gets back form town and finds Lenny in the room with Crooks, Crooks soon backs off and becomes defensive again. The other characters on the ranch, Carlson, Curley and Slim are probably lonely just as the rest but the book doesn’t go into too much detail about them but there is one part where a man named Whit finds a magazine article written by someone who used to work on the ranch. He seems very proud of this and shows it off to Slim. It would appear Whit had started to become friends with this person before they left which would have been a real rarity for people on the ranch There is a big part for loneliness in The Withered Arm too Thomas Hardy chooses to constantly switch your attention, by not concentrating on one characters lonely portrayal, but on three, this is of the main characters of Rhoda, Gertrude and the boy. The first three chapters are mainly focused on Rhoda and you instantly recognise how emotionally isolated she is, when the others chat to each other she doesn’t join in, you see how she is different and lonely from the rest, although it doesn’t help when they speak of Farmer Lodge. Since her affair with him she is outcast and although the other women recognise this, they don’t welcome her. The end of the story concludes Rhoda’s loneliness when still no one communicates with her even after the recent death of the son. Rhoda brooks only companion was her son. Much like Curleys wife in of mice and men her son doesn’t have a name, he is known simply as the boy. The boy is also very isolated through no fault of his own. He is like a slave to his mother running errands for her and acting like her spy this is shown very early on when she says; â€Å"They’ve just been saying down in Barton that your father brings his young wife home to-morrow,† the woman observed. â€Å"I shall want to send you for a few things to market, and you’ll be pretty sure to meet ’em. â€Å"Yes mother, â€Å"said the boy. â€Å"Is father married then?† â€Å"Yes†¦. You can give her a look and tell me what she’s like, if you do see her.† â€Å"Yes, mother.† â€Å"If she’s dark or fair, and if she’s tall – as tall as I†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The boy responds to Rhoda Brooks every command with yes mother, as if he’d been trained that way. It reminds me slightly of the film Psycho the way he lives with his mother and agrees with her every command. It is no fault of the boy that he is isolated but it is a classic example of the times and even today in a sense, that the townspeople didn’t want their children associating with him because if his background. It is quite ironic that the boy, who spent so much of his life alone, happened to be hung alone The other lonely character in The Withered Arm is Gertrude Lodge. After receiving the unfortunate curse of the withered arm her husband paid her no attention and she became rather isolated. After making the trip with Rhoda Brook to see conjurer Trendle she also, due to what she saw there, stopped speaking with Rhoda. She spent her time waiting for conformation of a hanging so she could get her â€Å"blood turned† and go back to how things used to be. This is when she says; â€Å"O, Lord, hang some guilty or innocent person soon!† It is quite ironic that she should say this due to the fact she wanted someone to be hung so she could continue life the way she wanted it but it turned out to lead to her death Thomas Hardy used loneliness to reflect upon the times the book is set in by basing Gertrude’s loneliness around superstition and witchcraft and Rhoda Brook and the boy’s loneliness around Rhoda’s affair with Farmer Lodge which at the time would have led to rejection from society. Hopefully in this essay I have explained how both stories reflect the times they were set in by pointing out the importance of dreams, loneliness, social class, relationships and role of women. I believe both authors used characters to get their point across about life and mentality at the time and made it clear without actually saying it how much things have changed To conclude I would like to say how both stories are captivating and entertaining but also if you look at them closely enough they can be used as historical references into the way people lived and worked in the times they were set.